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中国物理学会期刊

维格纳晶体的实验观测

CSTR: 32037.14.aps.73.20241039

Experimental observations of Wigner crystals

CSTR: 32037.14.aps.73.20241039
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  • 1934年, 普林斯顿大学的Eugene Wigner预言了电子晶体的存在. 电子同时具有动能和相互作用的势能, 当电子态密度满足一定的条件时, 由于电子之间的排斥作用, 电子会倾向于按规则的晶格结构排布, 形成电子晶体, 也称为维格纳晶体. 近90年来, 维格纳晶体一直吸引着凝聚态物理学家. 1979年, 实验发现在液氦表面存在从电子液体到电子晶体的相变. 之后的实验中观察到在强磁场下的二维电子气中存在二维维格纳晶体的特征. 然而, 在实空间中直接观测二维维格纳晶体仍然是一项艰巨的挑战. 通过WSe2/WS2 moiré超晶格上方的石墨烯传感层, Li等在实验中观察到了维格纳晶体的实空间形貌. 而在最近的研究中, Tsui等使用高分辨率扫描隧道显微镜测量技术, 直接对贝纳尔堆叠(Bernal stacking)双层石墨烯中的磁场诱导维格纳晶体进行成像, 并研究其结构特性与电子密度、磁场和温度的函数关系. 本文将通过4篇代表性工作, 简要介绍维格纳晶体的进展和发展前景.

     

    In 1934, Eugene Wigner at Princeton University predicted the existence of electron crystals. Electrons have both kinetic energy and potential energy of interaction. When the density of electronic states satisfies certain conditions, due to the repulsion between electrons, electrons will tend to arrange themselves in a regular lattice structure, forming electron crystals, which is also known as Wigner crystals. For nearly 90 years, Wigner crystals have fascinated condensed matter physicists. Physicists have designed many ingenious semiconductor heterojunctions to obtain lower electron densities and added magnetic fields to achieve larger effective mass of electron. In 1979, experiments revealed the existence of a phase transition from an electron liquid phase to an electron crystal on the surface of liquid helium, and subsequent experiments observed the characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) Wigner crystals in 2D electron gas under high magnetic fields. However, direct observation of 2D Wigner lattices in real space remains a formidable challenge. Through the graphene sensing layer of WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattice, Hongyuan Li, Feng Wang, et al. observed the real-space morphologies of Wigner crystals in their experiments. And in a recent study, researchers used high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy to directly image magnetic field-induced Wigner crystals in Bernal stacking bilayer graphene and investigated their structural properties as a function of electron density, magnetic field, and temperature. In this paper, we will introduce some interesting things about Wigner crystals through four representative researches briefly.

     

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