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量子通信具有感知窃听的功能，这是其区别于经典通信而独有的优势，能够为信息安全提供新的保障。在实际应用中，量子通信具有绝对安全性的前提是所有通信方均是合法通信方，然而，这在实际通信环境中难以保证，为量子保密通信带来安全性隐患。因此，在通信之前对通信方进行身份认证具有重要意义。量子身份认证利用量子力学基本原理在通信方之间实现单项或双向身份认证，并能确保身份认证码的绝对安全，在量子通信领域具有重要的研究价值。本文系统梳理了量子身份认证协议的研究历程，根据所需的不同量子资源对基于单光子、纠缠态、连续变量、混合型变量的量子身份认证协议进行介绍，又根据身份认证过程中使用的量子协议类型，介绍了基于量子密钥分发、量子安全直接通信、量子隐形传态以及乒乓协议框架的量子身份认证协议，并分析各类协议在效率、安全性及实用化方面的优缺点。最后，本文详细介绍了最新的量子身份认证协议-基于GHZ态的多方同步身份认证协议以及具有身份认证功能的极化-空间超编码的三方量子安全直接通信协议，并对量子身份认证的未来发展方向以及在量子通信领域的应用潜力进行展望。本综述可为未来量子身份认证的实用化发展提供理论支持。The absolute security of quantum communication protocols relies on a critical premise: all participating parties are legitimate users. Ensuring the legitimacy of participant identities is paramount in complex real-world communication environments. Quantum Identity Authentication (QIA), leveraging fundamental principles of quantum mechanics to achieve unilateral or mutual authentication between communicating parties, constitutes an indispensable core component for building a comprehensive quantum secure communication system. It holds significant research value within the field of quantum communication.
This review employs a comparative classification approach to systematically outline the research trajectory of QIA protocols. By categorizing protocols based on the required quantum resources and the types of quantum protocols employed, it analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various categories in terms of efficiency, security, and practicality. Single-photon protocols demand low resources, are easy to implement, and compatible with existing optical components, but require high-efficiency single-photon detectors and exhibit weak noise resistance. Entangled-state protocols offer high security and strong eavesdropping resistance, particularly suitable for long-distance or multi-party authentication. However, they heavily depend on the preparation and maintenance of high-precision, stable multi-particle entanglement sources, resulting in high experimental complexity. Continuous-variable (CV) protocols achieve high transmission efficiency in short-distance metropolitan area networks and are compatible with classical optical communication equipment, making experiments relatively straightforward. Yet, they require high-precision modulation technology and are sensitive to channel loss. Hybrid protocols aim to balance resource efficiency and security while reducing reliance on a single quantum source, but their design is complex and may introduce new attack vectors. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) framework protocols embed identity authentication within the key distribution process, making them suitable for scenarios requiring long-term secure key distribution, though they often depend on pre-shared keys or trusted third parties. Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) framework protocols integrate authentication with secure direct information transmission, offering high efficiency for real-time communication, but demand high channel quality. Measurement-Device-Independent QSDC (MDI-QSDC) represents a crucial development direction, resisting attacks on measurement devices. Quantum Teleportation (QT) framework protocols enable cross-node authentication and unconditional security, applicable to quantum relay networks, albeit with high experimental complexity. Entanglement swapping framework protocols can resist conspiracy attacks and are suitable for multi-party joint scenarios, but consume significant resources and rely on trusted third parties. Ping-pong protocol framework supports dynamic key updates and exhibits strong eavesdropping resistance, fitting for temporary authentication on mobile terminals, though it typically supports only unilateral authentication and requires a bidirectional channel.
Subsequently, this review details our research group's latest QIA protocols, including a multi-party synchronous identity authentication protocol based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, and a tripartite QSDC protocol with identity authentication capabilities utilizing polarization-spatial super-coding. The GHZ-based multi-party synchronous authentication protocol leverages the strong correlations inherent in GHZ states to achieve simultaneous authentication among multiple parties. Through a carefully designed two-round decoy-state detection mechanism, it effectively resists both external eavesdropping and internal attacks originating from authenticated users, thereby enhancing the efficiency and security of identity management in large-scale quantum networks. The core innovation of the polarization-spatial super-coding tripartite QSDC protocol lies in its deep integration of the authentication process with information transmission utilizing the spatial degrees of freedom of single photons. This design accomplishes the identity verification of two senders and the transmission of secret information within a single protocol run, ensuring end-to-end security through a three-stage security check. This "authentication-as-communication" paradigm significantly improves the overall efficiency and practicality of the protocol. Its successful implementation also relies on advancements in quantum memory technology.
Finally, the review provides an outlook on future research directions for quantum identity authentication and its application potential within quantum communication. QIA research needs to focus on reducing resource dependency, exploring more efficient protocol designs, further enhancing protocol integration and robustness, prioritizing the development of protocols adaptable to real-world environments, and actively investigating integration with novel scenarios. This comprehensive review aims to provide theoretical research foundations and technical support for the practical development of future quantum identity authentication. -
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