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二维磁性材料是指厚度极薄且能够维持长程磁有序的纳米材料。这类材料展现出明显的磁各向异性，并由于量子限制效应与高比表面积特性，导致电子能带结构与表面状态发生显著变化，因此具有丰富而可调控的磁性，并在自旋电子学领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。二维磁性材料包含层间通过弱范德华力堆叠而成的层状材料和三维方向均通过化学键结合的非层状材料。当前大多数研究都集中在二维层状材料，而这些材料的居里温度普遍远低于室温，且空气稳定性差。相比之下，非层状结构增强了材料的结构稳定性，同时表面丰富的悬挂键增加了修饰其物理性质的维度。这类材料正日益受到学术界的广泛关注，并且它们的合成与应用已取得了重大进展。本综述首先梳理了各种二维非层状磁性材料的制备方法,并系统介绍了近五年来在各类材料中获得的二维非层状本征磁性材料以及它们在超薄极限下涌现出的一系列新奇物理现象，同时也讨论了理论计算在揭示这些新奇现象时的关键作用以及修饰磁性的一些重要手段。最后展望了二维非层状磁性材料在自旋电子器件中的应用潜力与发展方向。Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials refer to nanomaterials with an extremely thin thickness that can maintain long-range magnetic order. These materials exhibit significant magnetic anisotropy, and due to the quantum confinement effect and high specific surface area, their electronic band structures and surface states undergo remarkable changes. As a result, they possess rich and tunable magnetic properties, showing great application potential in the field of spintronics. 2D magnetic materials include layered materials, where layers are stacked by weak van der Waals forces, and non-layered materials, which are bonded via chemical bonds in all three-dimensional directions. Currently, most research focuses on 2D layered materials, but their Curie temperatures are generally much lower than room temperature, and they are always unstable in air. In contrast, the non-layered structure enhances the structural stability of the materials, and the abundant surface dangling bonds increase the possibility of modifying their physical properties. Such materials are attracting increasing attention, and significant progress has been made in their synthesis and applications. This review first systematically summarizes various preparation methods for 2D non-layered magnetic materials, including but not limited to ultrasound-assisted exfoliation, molecular beam epitaxy, and chemical vapor deposition. Meanwhile, it systematically reviews the 2D non-layered intrinsic magnetic materials obtained in various types of materials in the past five years, as well as a series of novel physical phenomena emerging under the ultrathin limit, such as thickness-dependent magnetic reconstruction dominated by quantum confinement effects and planar topological spin textures induced by 2D structures. Furthermore, it also discusses the critical role played by theoretical calculations in predicting new materials through high-throughput screening, revealing microscopic mechanisms by analyzing magnetic interactions, as well as some important methods for modifying magnetism. Finally, from the perspectives of material preparation, physical mechanisms, device fabrication, and theoretical calculations, the current challenges in the field are summarized, and the application potential and development directions of 2D non-layered magnetic materials in spintronic devices are prospected. This review aims to provide comprehensive references and insights for researchers engaged in this field, fostering further exploration of the novel magnetic properties of 2D non-layered magnetic materials and their applications in spintronic devices.
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