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本文将多单元级联热辐射器件(TRD)应用于汽车尾气余热回收，建立光子辐射传热、伏安特性与流体换热的耦合模型，分析能量耦合机制，旨在实现性能的协同优化。基于傅里叶热传导定律与热辐射传递理论，导出系统的能量约束方程、输出总功率和转换效率。通过数值模拟，获取尾气温度、TRD工作温度、环境温度随单元序号的变化规律，进而揭示电压与半导体带隙对能量转换性能的调控机制。研究表明，尾气及TRD高温端温度均随单元序号而递减，且同序号下随电流增大而降低； TRD低温端及环境温度因热累积和级联加热效应上升，并随电流增加而升高，体现了电学输出与热过程的耦合关系。电压升高会抑制辐射复合，导致电流下降，电功率在特定工作点达到局域最优。系统总热流随电压升高而降低，热电效率因电功和热流的非线性关系，在特定电压下取得最优值，实现电能输出与热耗散的平衡。研究表明，局域最优功率在带隙为0.06 eV时取得全局最大值170.45 W，而局域最优效率随带隙增大呈先单调递增而后渐趋饱和的变化趋势。为此，本文引入以局部最优功率与效率的乘积为目标函数Z。分析表明，该函数在带隙为0.105 eV处取得最大值49.74 W，有效协调了功率与转换效率之间的竞争关系，为系统的多目标性能优化提供了新途径。This study employs a multi-unit thermoradiative device (TRD) for automotive exhaust waste heat recovery. A coupled model integrating radiative heat transfer, current-voltage characteristics, and fluid heat exchange is established. Based on Fourier’s law of heat conduction and thermal radiative transfer theory, the energy constraint equations, total power output, and conversion efficiency of the system are derived. The variations of exhaust temperature, TRD operating temperature, and ambient temperature with unit number are obtained through numerical simulations, thereby revealing the regulation mechanisms of voltage and semiconductor bandgap on energy conversion performance. Results show that the temperatures of the exhaust gas and the hot side of the TRD decrease with increasing unit number and also decline with increasing current at the same unit position. In contrast, the cold side of the TRD and the ambient temperature rise due to heat accumulation and cascading heating effects, and further increase with higher current, reflecting the coupling between electrical output and thermal processes. Increased voltage suppresses radiative recombination, leading to reduced current, while the electrical power reaches a maximum at a specific operating point. The total heat flux is reduced as voltage increases. Due to the nonlinear relationship between electrical power and heat flux, the efficiency attains an optimum value at a certain voltage, achieving a balance between electrical output and heat dissipation. This study demonstrates that the locally optimal power reaches a global maximum of 170.45 W at a bandgap of 0.06 eV, while the locally optimal efficiency increases monotonically with bandgap before saturating gradually. To address the inherent trade-off between power and efficiency, a target function Z defined as the product of locally optimal power and efficiency is introduced. Numerical analysis reveals that Z attains its maximum value of 49.74 W at a bandgap of 0.105 eV, effectively balancing the competing objectives of power output and energy conversion efficiency. This approach offers a new pathway for performance optimization in thermoelectric systems.
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Keywords:
- Thermoradiative devices /
- Waste heat recovery /
- Energy conversion /
- Semiconductor band-gap /
- electrical-thermal Coupling
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