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金刚石氮空位色心凭借室温毫秒级自旋相干、原子级空间尺寸、非侵入无破坏性、化学结构稳定、生物无毒与多物理场耦合强度可调等特性，迅速成长为横跨凝聚态物理、新兴量子技术、纳米科技和生命科学的最具活力的多功能固态量子平台。其电子自旋可被激光高效极化，也能通过微波共振实现量子态操控，已实现了磁场、电场、温度、应力、自旋等物理场的高灵敏度测量，部分实验已实现单核自旋或单电子电荷的识别。在这篇综述中，我们首先对金刚石NV色心的基本性质做一个简明的概述，阐明自旋轨道耦合、超精细耦合等对系统能级的影响，然后系统梳理了NV色心的制造方法，详细描述了如何利用NV色心进行纳米尺度的传感测量和应用。The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has rapidly evolved into one of the most versatile and dynamic solid-state quantum platforms, spanning condensed matter physics, emerging quantum technologies, nanoscience, and life sciences. This prominence stems from its unique combination of properties: millisecond-scale spin coherence at room temperature, atomic-scale spatial resolution, non-invasive and non-destructive operation, remarkable chemical stability, excellent biocompatibility, and the tunable coupling strength to multiple physical fields. Its electron spin can be efficiently initialized by laser illumination and precisely manipulated via microwave resonance, enabling high-sensitivity detection of magnetic and electric fields, temperature, stress, and spin signals—with some experiments already achieving single-nuclear-spin or single-electron-charge resolution. In this review, we begin with a concise overview of the fundamental properties of the NV center, clarifying the influence of spin-orbit coupling, hyperfine interactions, and other key effects on its energy level structure. We then systematically outline the fabrication methods for creating NV centers with high spatial control and spectral quality. Finally, we provide a detailed exposition of how NV centers are employed for nanoscale sensing and measurement across various physical domains, highlighting both established protocols and recent experimental advances. Through this structured presentation, the review aims to offer a coherent and updated resource for researchers exploring the interdisciplinary potential of diamond NV centers.
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Keywords:
- Nitrogen-vacancy centers /
- Quantum sensing /
- Fabrication /
- Application
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