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中国物理学会期刊

高超音速等离子体射流电子密度的激光干涉-斯塔克展宽交叉验证及其诊断研究

Laser interferometry-Stark broadening cross-validation and diagnostic study of electron density in a hypersonic plasma jet

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  • 等离子体射流驱动磁惯性约束聚变(Plasma-Jet-Driven Magneto-Inertial Fusion, PJMIF)对同轴等离子体枪产生的射流提出了高密度、高速度与高马赫数的需求, 这些参数可为后续等离子体衬套的研发提供基准. 电子密度在1020—1023 m–3及以上区间的定量诊断, 是评估射流特性及标定数值模型的关键. 为准确测量该射流的电子密度并实现多种诊断方法之间的相互校核, 本文基于上海科技大学STG1 (ShanghaiTech Gun 1)同轴等离子体枪平台, 搭建并联合使用了两种非侵入式密度诊断技术: 马赫-曾德尔外差激光干涉(Heterodyne Laser Interferometry, HLI)和光学发射光谱(Optical Emission Spectroscopy, OES)中的斯塔克展宽法, 分别获取时间分辨的线积分电子密度和局域电子密度信息. 本文以\rmH_\beta(486.1 nm)线成熟的斯塔克展宽关系为谱学基准, 将其与激光干涉反演得到的体密度在一致的采样体积和时序定义下进行交叉验证, 结果表明两种方法在电子密度~1022—1023 m–3区间内具有良好一致性, 并观测到射流电子密度演化随时间呈“双峰”结构, 其中主峰对应一次电流片加速形成的高密度射流核心, 次峰可能与放电后期枪内残余等离子体的二次压缩或再加速过程有关. 在此基础上, 本研究进一步给出Ar II 480.6 nm谱线用于电子密度测量的线性经验标定关系及校准系数, 为氢线不可用或氢杂质不足时的可复用谱学密度诊断提供依据.

     

    Hypersonic plasma jets generated by coaxial plasma guns are essential for plasma-jet-driven magneto-inertial fusion (PJMIF), and accurate electron-density diagnosticis is crucial for evaluating single-jet performance and providing benchmark data for plasma-liner formation. However, in the intermediate density range of 10^20–10^23\,\textm^-3, heterodyne laser interferometry (HLI) and Stark-broadening spectroscopy measure different physical quantities: the former gives a line-integrated density that requires geometrical reconstruction, whereas the latter provides an emission-weighted local density affected by line-shape fitting and instrumental deconvolution. This paper investigates the electron-density evolution of a hypersonic argon plasma jet produced by the ShanghaiTech Gun 1 (STG1) coaxial plasma gun by combining Mach-Zehnder HLI, optical emission spectroscopy (OES), photodiode-array time-of-flight measurements, and high-speed imaging. The interferometric phase shift at 532 nm is converted into line-integrated electron density, and the transverse jet size obtained from high-speed imaging is used to reconstruct the peak volumetric density with a Gaussian-profile model. Meanwhile, the Stark broadening of the \textm_\beta line at 486.1 nm is extracted through Voigt-profile deconvolution and used as an independent spectroscopic reference. Experimental results show that, for a representative shot, the interferometric phase shift averaged over the spectroscopic gate is approximately 1.20 rad, corresponding to a peak electron density of (1.60\pm0.11)\times10^22\;\textm^-3, while the \textm_\beta Stark-broadening method gives (1.22\;\pm 0.18)\times10^22\,\textm^-3 at the same time. Based on the cross-validated \textm_\beta density, an empirical calibration relation for the Ar II 480.6 nm line is further obtained as n_e=(7.64\times10^23)(\Delta\lambda_\textAr II-\Delta\lambda_\rmeff), where \Delta\lambda_\rmeff=2.42\times10^-3\,\textnm. Multi-shot statistics further indicate that the two diagnostics exhibit consistent temporal evolution and comparable density magnitudes, with a systematic difference of about 5–30% mainly caused by their different sampling meanings and spatial averaging effects. The measured density evolution shows a dominant main peak followed by a weaker secondary peak, suggesting that the jet density is influenced by the primary current-sheet acceleration and possibly by secondary compression or re-acceleration of residual plasma during the later discharge stage. This work establishes a cross-validated HLI-\textm_\beta-Ar II diagnostic framework, clarifies the applicability and limitations of different electron-density diagnostics, and provides reliable density data for future PJMIF jet-propagation and plasma-liner studies.

     

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