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中国物理学会期刊

贵金属材料电磁介电常数的波长变化关系曲线重建与应用研究

Reconstruction and Application of Wavelength-Dependent Complex Permittivity for Noble Metals

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  • 贵金属金(Au)、银(Ag)、铜(Cu)以及轻金属铝(Al)的复介电常数ε(ω)=ε'(ω)+iε''(ω)决定其对电磁波的本征响应,并直接影响表面等离激元器件与纳米光子器件的设计。针对现有参数化分析模型在全波段覆盖与精度上的局限,本文基于公开实验数据,提出了一种非参数建模方法。该方法首先在对数波长轴上进行等距重采样,然后依据奈奎斯特抽样定理执行带窗局部sinc重建,并结合Kaiser窗函数与Savitzky–Golay滤波技术,有效抑制了插值过程中的振铃效应与高频噪声。相比于依赖特定物理机理的传统参数化方法,该方法成功构建了覆盖从极紫外到太赫兹全波段的连续、平滑介电常数曲线,具有更优的数据一致性,并解决了在全波段任意频率点获取精确介电常数的难题,适用于跨谱段电磁仿真与器件设计。为了验证本文重建模型的物理自洽性,文中探讨了其关于Kramers-Kronig物理关系的一致性。此外,为了验证所构建介电常数计算模型的实用性与精确度,将其应用于金属纳米粒子的局域表面等离激元共振(LSPR)吸收与散射仿真,并将结果与实验结果、Rakić提出的Lorentz-Drude模型、Brendel-Bormann模型进行了系统对比。同时,还结合表面等离极化激元(SPP)的传播长度以及金属趋肤深度的计算,对该模型进行了全面的性能验证。结果表明,本文构建的介电常数分析模型不仅能够更准确地预测LSPR共振峰位置与谱线形状,且在SPP传播长度及金属趋肤深度的表征上均展现出高度的精确性与数据一致性。这些结果进一步证明了本文方法在表面等离激元与纳米光子器件设计中的有效性、优越性与物理可靠性

     

    Accurate complex-permittivity data are essential for electromagnetic simulation and device design in plasmonics, nanophotonics, infrared optics, and terahertz technologies. The complex permittivity, ε(ω) = ε'(ω) + ''(ω), determines the intrinsic electromagnetic response of metallic materials, including reflection, absorption, scattering, surface-plasmon excitation, propagation loss, and field penetration. However, reported optical constants of metals often exhibit significant discrepancies. These discrepancies arise from differences in sample preparation, film thickness, surface roughness, measurement methods, and spectral ranges. Moreover, many available datasets are limited to narrow wavelength intervals, which makes it diffcult to obtain continuous and reliable permittivity curves over a broad spectral range. Conventional parametric models, such as the Drude, Lorentz-Drude, and Brendel-Bormann models, can describe free-electron and interband-transition responses. Nevertheless, their accuracy strongly depends on the assumed oscillator form, fitting range, and optimized parameters. Their applicability to broadband and cross-band simulations is therefore limited. To address these issues, a data-driven non-parametric reconstruction method is proposed in this work to obtain continuous, smooth, and physically consistent complex-permittivity curves for Au, Ag, Cu, and Al from the extreme ultraviolet to the terahertz regime. Publicly available experimental optical-constant datasets are first integrated. Reliable spectral segments are then selected according to spectral coverage, overlap, traceability, physical consistency, minimal complex-permittivity deviation, and derivative continuity. Since the original data are highly nonuniformly distributed over several orders of magnitude in wavelength, the wavelength variable is transformed onto a logarithmic scale. Natural cubic-spline interpolation and equidistant resampling are subsequently performed along the logarithmic wavelength axis. In this way, uniformly sampled data suitable for signal reconstruction are generated. Based on the Nyquist sampling theorem, a local sinc reconstruction formula is introduced to recover continuous dielectric spectra from the resampled data. To suppress truncationinduced oscillations and high-frequency noise, the sinc kernel is localized using a Kaiser window. The reconstructed sequence is further smoothed using a Savitzky-Golay filter. The window length and shape parameter are optimized through reconstruction-error analysis, so that the main dispersion features are retained while numerical artifacts are reduced. The reconstructed permittivity curves of Au, Ag, Cu, and Al exhibit continuous and smooth wavelength-dependent behavior across the ultraviolet, visible, infrared, and terahertz regions. Compared with representative Rakić-LD, Rakić-BB, and Werner-DFT reference models, the proposed sinc-based method achieves lower errors in both the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function. This improvement is particularly evident near spectral boundaries, where conventional models often show noticeable deviations. Kramers-Kronig consistency analysis further confirms that the reconstructed spectra preserve physical self-consistency within the effective experimental bandwidth. To evaluate the practical value of the reconstructed model, the obtained permittivity data are applied to localized surface plasmon resonance simulations of metallic nanoparticles, surface plasmon polariton propagation-length calculations, and metallic skin-depth analysis. The results indicate that the proposed model predicts the LSPR resonance wavelength and spectral line shape more accurately than traditional parametric models. The calculated SPP propagation length and metal skin depth also agree well with reported experimental and literature data. These results demonstrate that the combination of logarithmic-wavelength resampling, local sinc reconstruction, Kaiser windowing, and Savitzky-Golay filtering provides a data-driven, non-parametric, and reproducible route for broadband complex-permittivity reconstruction. Dependence on predefined physical fitting models is reduced, while the measured dispersion characteristics of metals are preserved. The reconstructed permittivity curves provide accurate and continuous material parameters for plasmonic, nanophotonic, infrared, and terahertz device simulations. They also offer a practical route from material-data reconstruction to device-performance prediction in broadband electromagnetic design.

     

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