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中国物理学会期刊

等离激元与介电常数近零模式强耦合超表面中线性和非线性光学响应的主动调制研究

Active modulation of linear and nonlinear optical responses in metasurfaces of strong coupling between plasmon resonance and epsilon-near-zero modes

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  • 本工作数值研究了由超薄氧化铟锡(indium tin oxide,ITO)薄膜及置于其上的U型金纳米结构组成的超表面中的线性和非线性光学响应.金纳米结构中的表面等离激元共振模式与ITO层中的介电常数近零(epsilon-near-zero,ENZ)模式之间存在强耦合.通过调节ITO的载流子浓度(NITO),可以动态调控其ENZ波长,从而有效控制共振模式的位置和线性透射强度,由此实现了在特定波长下透射从"开启"到"关闭"的光开关功能.除调控线性光学响应外,改变NITO还可以调控非线性光学二次谐波产生(second harmonic generation,SHG),实现非线性光学响应调控.研究发现SHG转换效率高度依赖于ENZ模式与表面等离激元共振的匹配,通过优化NITO可以获得最大的SHG响应.研究结果表明,具有表面等离激元-ENZ模式强耦合的超表面结构在可集成微纳光子学器件的线性和非线性光学动态调制方面具有卓越的能力和潜在的应用前景.

     

    Active optical modulation plays a pivotal role in the development of high-performance reconfigurable metasurfaces. The hybrid system of plasmonic nanostructures and epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials, which leverages both the near-field localization effect of plasmons and the tunable carrier concentration of ENZ materials, can serve as the key platform for realizing on-chip reconfigurable nanophotonic devices. In this study, we employ the finite element method (COMSOL Multiphysics) to numerically investigate the linear and nonlinear optical responses of a metasurface composed of an ultrathin indium tin oxide (ITO) film and U-shaped gold nanostructures placed atop it. A strong coupling exists between the SPR modes in the gold nanostructures and the ENZ modes in the ITO layer. By tuning the carrier concentration of ITO (NITO), the ENZ wavelength can be dynamically adjusted, thereby effectively controlling the resonance positions and linear transmission intensity. This enables an optical switching functionality in which the transmission can be modulated from "ON" to "OFF" at specific wavelengths. When the NITO is modulated from 9.7×1020 cm-3 to 4.9×1020 cm-3, the extinction ratio (ER) is up to 5.15 dB and -8.63 dB at the wavelength 1084 nm and 1203 nm, respectively. Beyond the modulation of linear optical responses, varying the NITO also allows control over the generation of second harmonic signals (SHG), achieving tunable nonlinear optical responses. The hydrodynamic model of metal and ITO is employed for the simulation of SHG responses. It is found that the SHG response is dominantly from the ITO layer and the conversion efficiency strongly depends on the matching between the ENZ modes and the surface plasmon resonances. The maximum SHG response can be obtained by optimizing NITO. When the NITO is changed from 1.12×1021 cm-3 to 1.4×1021 cm-3, the ER of SHG is up to 19.6 dB and -15.1 dB at the SHG wavelength 605 nm and 535 nm, respectively. These results demonstrate that metasurfaces based on plasmon-ENZ strong coupling offer a robust platform for dynamically modulating both linear and nonlinear optical responses in integrated nanophotonic devices.

     

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