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中国物理学会期刊

高温金属颗粒物对弧后等离子体扩散影响的混合模拟研究

Hybrid Modeling of Hot Metallic Particle Effects on Post-Arc Plasma Dissipation

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  • 弧后等离子体扩散与外电路演化构成耦合过程,触头烧蚀产生的高温金属颗粒物通过持续蒸发与碰撞电离参与了这一耦合,然而其作用机理尚缺乏系统研究。本文建立考虑外电路的三维混合麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼模型,自洽模拟了颗粒物蒸发、外电路演化与等离子体扩散间的耦合过程。结果表明,当颗粒物蒸发和碰撞电离所产生的带电粒子能够持续补偿鞘层电场抽取与弧后等离子体输运所造成的带电粒子损失时,鞘层扩张过程将陷入停滞状态。颗粒物位置的对比进一步显示,当颗粒物位于触头轴线时,其与弧后阴极的距离是决定等离子体能否扩散完成的关键因素;偏离轴线时,颗粒物外侧的等离子体堆积,导致鞘层难以扩张至该区域,且阴阳极表面电场呈不对称分布。鞘层停滞在宏观上表现为弧后电流的非零平台,但仅凭弧后电流幅值不足以判断残余等离子体的清除程度。与固定暂态恢复电压上升率条件下的结果对比表明,上述颗粒物效应的完整描述离不开外电路耦合。上述结果揭示了颗粒物温度与空间位置影响弧后等离子体扩散的物理机制。

     

    Post-arc plasma dissipation is a key process in the dielectric recovery of vacuum interrupters and is dynamically coupled to the external circuit. Hot metallic particles produced by contact erosion can release copper vapor after current zero, and collisional ionization of this vapor supplies a localized secondary plasma. A three-dimensional hybrid Maxwell-Boltzmann model with external-circuit coupling is developed to simulate particle evaporation, plasma transport, transient recovery voltage (TRV), post-arc current (PAC), and sheath expansion. Heavy species are tracked as macroparticles, whereas electrons are treated as a fluid. The plasma calculation supplies the contact-collected current to the circuit equations, and the resulting electrode charge updates the boundary conditions of the Poisson equation for the next plasma step. Calculations use a 10 mm contact gap, a copper particle with a radius of 250 μm, temperatures of 1700-1900 K, and six spatial positions. For an on-axis particle at the gap midpoint under the baseline 10 kV circuit condition, the Cu+ ion count falls to zero within 2.5 μs at 1700 and 1800 K. At 1900 K, however, the ion count becomes nearly constant after approximately 2.5 μs, and the PAC magnitude remains near 0.17 A after its peak. In this case, sheath expansion stagnates because ion production from the evaporated vapor balances removal by the sheath field and plasma transport. Under otherwise identical plasma conditions, imposing a linear increase in TRV magnitude at 10 kV/μs reduces the Cu+ ion count to zero at 3.1 μs. Within the circuit-coupled model, increasing the peak source voltage to 20 or 30 kV likewise reduces the ion count to zero within 5 μs. Particle temperature therefore mainly affects local plasma production, whereas source voltage affects field-driven removal; their balance determines whether the sheath reaches the post-arc anode. To investigate the effect of particle position, six axial and radial positions are compared at a fixed particle temperature of 1900 K, with the circuit parameters held at their baseline values. Among the three on-axis positions, the Cu+ ion count reaches zero within 5 μs only when the particle is 2.5 mm from the post-arc cathode. Moving the mid-gap particle radially outward increases the residual Cu+ ion count at 5 μs, whereas the PAC magnitude decreases from 0.167 to 0.097 A. Radial displacement also produces plasma accumulation on the outward side of the particle and asymmetric electric fields at the contacts, features that an axisymmetric model cannot represent. For the six positions examined, the PAC magnitude at 5 μs is not a monotonic indicator of the residual Cu+ ion count and is therefore insufficient by itself to assess plasma removal. These results highlight the importance of external-circuit coupling for capturing the interaction among particle-induced plasma production, post-arc plasma transport, and TRV evolution, and of three-dimensional spatial resolution for resolving off-axis asymmetry.

     

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