磁化同轴枪操作参数对球马克产生及等离子体特性的影响

赵繁涛; 宋健; 张津硕; 漆亮文; 赵崇霄; 王德真

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20210709

摘要

磁化同轴枪放电装置可以产生高传输速度、高电子密度的球马克, 在可控核聚变、高能量密度物理以及天体物理等领域均得到了广泛关注. 基于球马克形成阈值理论, 通过对放电图像的拍摄以及光、电、磁信号的诊断分析, 本文主要研究了磁化同轴枪操作参数对球马克产生及等离子体特性的影响. 实验结果发现: 除放电电流和偏置磁通的比值以外, 受送气时长控制的气体分布长度同样是球马克产生的关键. 电极间通道内较长的气体分布可以使放电产生集中承载电流的等离子体环, 该环能够在足够强的磁压力推动下完成磁场拉伸与重联以形成球马克. 增加放电电流可以同时带来球马克传输速度、电子温度以及密度的提升, 而增加送气量仅对电子密度提升具有正面影响, 球马克性能优化的关键在于提升电容器组向等离子体环的能量馈入.

关键词:

Abstract

Spheromak plasma formed by a magnetized coaxial plasma gun possesses high propagation velocity and electron density, which has been extensively investigated, for it has a variety of applications, such as fueling of fusion reactor, magnetized target fusion, and labratory simulations of astrophysical phenomena. Formation and optimization of the gun-type spheromak are studied by investigating the discharge characteristics of the gun and the scaling of plasma parameters with various operation conditions. Based on the spheromak formation mechanism, several significant operation parameters are identified, including peak value of gun current, bias flux, gas-puffed mass and the length of neutral gas distribution inside the gun channel: this length can be controlled by adjusting the time delay between gas injection and discharge of the capacitor bank to initiate gas breakdown and for a long time delay the current path distribution inside the gun channel can be characterized by a moving plasma ring which carries almost all of the gun current. Under a sufficient pressure of the self-generated field, the moving plasma ring with freezed toroidal field pushes the bias field into the vacuum chamber, the twisted field lines are then broken, reconnected, and thus forming a free spheromak. The injected gas is desired to exist only in the gun channel: if downstream region of the gun is filled with neutral gas, a weakly ionized and cold spheromak will be formed, which is not beneficial to practical applications. The multiple current path phenomenon is observed using two spatially separated magnetic coils inside the gun channel, excepting for the plasma ring, there are a stagnant current path and a reversed current path separately located in upstream and middle region of the gun channel. Development of the upstream current path is due to the residual charged particles deteached from the tail of accelerated plasma ring and the unswept netural particles, which reduces the energy injected into the plasma ring from capacitor bank, and thus having a negative effect on the performance of spheormak. The axial propagation velocity of spheromak, electron temperature and density are shown to increase with the capacitor bank voltage rising, which can be attributed to the elevation in energy injected into the plasma ring. Only higher electron density is obatined by increasing the gas-puffed mass, and the propagation velocity and electron temperature are observed to decrease. The energy injected into the plasma ring is independent of the gas-puffed mass, and electron density is elevated with gas-puffed mass increasing. Since the frequency of electron impact ionization increases, electrons undergo more collisions and transfer more energy to other particle species, thus the thermal energy of electrons decreases.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

大连理工大学物理学院, 三束材料改性教育部重点实验室, 大连　116024

通信作者: 宋健, songjian@dlut.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 51807020)、国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2017YFE0301804, 2017YFE0301206)和中央高校基本科研业务费(批准号: DUT20RC(4)008)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion, and Electron Beams of the Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Dalian Univeristy of Technology, Dalian 116024, China

Corresponding author: Song Jian, songjian@dlut.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51807020), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFE0301804, 2017YFE0301206), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University of the Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. DUT20RC(4)008)

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

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[35]	Bellan P M 2000 Spheromak (London: Imperial College Press) p232
[36]	Black D C, Mayo R M, Caress R W 1997 Phys. Plasmas 4 2820 Google Scholar
[37]	Goldenbaum G C, Irby J H, Chong Y P, Hart G W 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 393 Google Scholar
[38]	Yamada M, Furth H P, Hsu W, Janos A, Jardin S, Okabayashi M, Sinnis J, Stix T H, Yamazaki K 1981 Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 188 Google Scholar
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[41]	Chen S L, Sekiguchi T 1965 J. Appl. Phys. 36 2363 Google Scholar
[42]	Kumar D, Moser A L, Bellan P M 2010 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38 47 Google Scholar
[43]	Fernández J C, Barnes C W, Jarboe T R, Henins I, Hoida H W, Klingner P L, Knox S O, Marklin G J, Wright B L 1988 Nucl. Fusion 28 1555 Google Scholar
[44]	Mayo R M, Choi C K, Levinton F M, Janos A C, Yamada M 1990 Phys. Fluids B 2 115 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 球马克形成过程示意图

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of spheromak formation sequences.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 实验装置示意图

Fig. 2. Schematic of experimental setup.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 磁化同轴枪放电电流、电压与以及光电二极管信号波形图

Fig. 3. Representative gun current, voltage and photodiodes traces.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 球马克环向与轴向磁场的径向分布 (1 G = 10^–4 T)

Fig. 4. Radial profiles of toroidal and axial magnetic field in spheromak (1 G = 10^–4 T).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 电极间通道内的环向磁场波形

Fig. 5. Toroidal magnetic field traces inside the gun channel

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 磁化同轴枪内部放电图像

Fig. 6. Image sequences of discharge inside the gun channel.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 球马克传输速度与充电电压、送气量的关系

Fig. 7. Spheromak propagation speed versus capacitor-bank charge voltage and gas-puffed mass.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 电子密度与充电电压、送气量的关系

Fig. 8. Electron density versus capacitor-bank charge voltage and gas-puffed mass.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 注入能量与充电电压、送气量的关系

Fig. 9. Injected energy versus capacitor-bank charge voltage and gas-puffed mass.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 电子温度与充电电压、送气量的关系

Fig. 10. Electron temperature versus capacitor-bank charge voltage and gas-puffed mass.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	Rosenbluth M N, Bussac M N 1979 Nucl. Fusion 19 489 Google Scholar
[2]	Raman R, Martin F, Quirion B, St-Onge M, Lachambre J L, Michaud D, Sawatzky B, Thomas J, Hirose A, Hwang D, Richard N, Côté C, Abel G, Pinsonneault D, Gauvreau J L, Stansfield B, Décoste R, Côté A, Zuzak W, Boucher C 1994 Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 3101 Google Scholar
[3]	Fukumoto N, Inoo Y, Nomura M, Nagata M, Uyama T, Ogawa H, Kimura H, Uehara U, Shibata T, Kashiwa Y, Suzuki S, Kasai S, Group J M 2004 Nucl. Fusion 44 982 Google Scholar
[4]	Liu D, Xiao C, Hirose A 2008 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79 013502 Google Scholar
[5]	Brown M, Gelber K, Mebratu M 2020 Plasma 3 27 Google Scholar
[6]	Yamada M, Ono Y, Hayakawa A, Katsurai M, Perkins F W 1990 Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 721 Google Scholar
[7]	Chai K-B, Zhai X, Bellan P M 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 032122 Google Scholar
[8]	Howard S, Laberge M, McIlwraith L, Richardson D, Gregson J 2009 J. Fusion Energy 28 156 Google Scholar
[9]	Degnan J H, Peterkin R E, Baca G P, Beason J D, Bell D E, Dearborn M E, Dietz D, Douglas M R, Englert S E, Englert T J, Hackett K E, Holmes J H, Hussey T W, Kiuttu G F, Lehr F M, Marklin G J, Mullins B W, Price D W, Roderick N F, Ruden E L, Sovinec C R, Turchi P J, Bird G, Coffey S K, Seiler S W, Chen Y G, Gale D, Graham J D, Scott M, Sommars W 1993 Phys. Fluids B 5 2938 Google Scholar
[10]	Dietz D, Hussey T W, Roderick N F, Douglas M R, Degnan J H 1997 Phys. Plasmas 4 873 Google Scholar
[11]	Kikuchi Y, Nakanishi R, Nakatsuka M, Fukumoto N, Nagata M 2010 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38 232 Google Scholar
[12]	Sakuma I, Kikuchi Y, Kitagawa Y, Asai Y, Onishi K, Fukumoto N, Nagata M 2015 J. Nucl. Mater. 463 233 Google Scholar
[13]	Zhang Y, Fisher D M, Gilmore M, Hsu S C, Lynn A G 2018 Phys. Plasmas 25 055709 Google Scholar
[14]	Hsu S C, Bellan P M 2005 Phys. Plasmas 12 032103 Google Scholar
[15]	Turner W C, Goldenbaum G C, Granneman E H A, Hammer J H, Hartman C W, Prono D S, Taska J 1983 Phys. Fluids 26 1965 Google Scholar
[16]	Barnes C W, Jarboe T R, Henins I, Sherwood A R, Knox S O, Gribble R, Hoida H W, Klingner P L, Lilliequist C G, Linford R K, Platts D A, Spencer R L, Tuszewski M 1984 Nucl. Fusion 24 267 Google Scholar
[17]	Taylor J B 1986 Rev. Mod. Phys. 58 741 Google Scholar
[18]	Barnes C W, Fernández J C, Henins I, Hoida H W, Jarboe T R, Knox S O, Marklin G J, McKenna K F 1986 Phys. Fluids 29 3415 Google Scholar
[19]	Jarboe T R 1994 Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 36 945 Google Scholar
[20]	Hsu S C, Bellan P M 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 215002 Google Scholar
[21]	Baker K L, Hwang D Q, Evans R W, Horton R D, McLean H S, Terry S D, Howard S, DiCaprio C J 2002 Nucl. Fusion 42 94 Google Scholar
[22]	Edo T, Asai T, Tanaka F, Yamada S, Hosozawa A, Kaminou Y, Gota H, Roche T, Allfrey I, Osin D, Smith R, Binderbauer M, Matsumoto T, Tajima T 2018 Plasma Fusion Res. 13 3405062 Google Scholar
[23]	Matsumoto T, Sekiguchi J, Asai T, Gota H, Garate E, Allfrey I, Valentine T, Morehouse M, Roche T, Kinley J, Aefsky S, Cordero M, Waggoner W, Binderbauer M, Tajima T 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 053512 Google Scholar
[24]	Brown M R, Bailey Ⅲ A D, Bellan P M 1991 J. Appl. Phys. 69 6302 Google Scholar
[25]	Kaur M, Gelber K D, Light A D, Brown M R 2018 Plasma 1 229 Google Scholar
[26]	Rusbridge M G, Gee S J, Browning P K, Cunningham G, Duck R C, al-Karkhy A, Martin R, Bradley J W 1997 Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 39 683 Google Scholar
[27]	Coomer E, Hartman C W, Morse E, Reisman D 2000 Nucl. Fusion 40 1669 Google Scholar
[28]	Hwang D Q, Horton R D, Howard S, Evans R W, Brockington S J 2007 J. Fusion Energy 26 81 Google Scholar
[29]	Woodruff S, Hill D N, Stallard B W, Bulmer R, Cohen B, Holcomb C T, Hooper E B, McLean H S, Moller J, Wood R D 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 095001 Google Scholar
[30]	赵崇霄, 漆亮文, 闫慧杰, 王婷婷, 任春生 2019 物理学报 68 105203 Google Scholar Zhao C X, Qi L W, Yan H J, Wang T T, Ren C S 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 105203 Google Scholar
[31]	Wang Z, Beinke P D, Barnes C W, Martin M W, Mignardot E, Wurden G A, Hsu S C, Intrator T P, Munson C P 2005 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76 033501 Google Scholar
[32]	Wiechula J, Hock C, Iberler M, Manegold T, Schönlein A, Jacoby J 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 043516 Google Scholar
[33]	Woodall D M, Len L K 1985 J. Appl. Phys. 57 961 Google Scholar
[34]	漆亮文, 赵崇霄, 闫慧杰, 王婷婷, 任春生 2019 物理学报 68 035203 Google Scholar Qi L W, Zhao C X, Yan H J, Wang T T, Ren C S 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 035203 Google Scholar
[35]	Bellan P M 2000 Spheromak (London: Imperial College Press) p232
[36]	Black D C, Mayo R M, Caress R W 1997 Phys. Plasmas 4 2820 Google Scholar
[37]	Goldenbaum G C, Irby J H, Chong Y P, Hart G W 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 393 Google Scholar
[38]	Yamada M, Furth H P, Hsu W, Janos A, Jardin S, Okabayashi M, Sinnis J, Stix T H, Yamazaki K 1981 Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 188 Google Scholar
[39]	Chung Kyoung-Jae, Chung K S, Hwang Y S 2014 Curr. Appl. Phys. 14 287 Google Scholar
[40]	陈磊, 杨林, 万翔, 金大志, 向伟, 谈效华 2015 强激光与粒子束 27 045007 Google Scholar Chen L, Yang L, Wan X, Jin D Z, Xiang W, Tan X H 2015 High Pow. Las. Part. Beam. 27 045007 Google Scholar
[41]	Chen S L, Sekiguchi T 1965 J. Appl. Phys. 36 2363 Google Scholar
[42]	Kumar D, Moser A L, Bellan P M 2010 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38 47 Google Scholar
[43]	Fernández J C, Barnes C W, Jarboe T R, Henins I, Hoida H W, Klingner P L, Knox S O, Marklin G J, Wright B L 1988 Nucl. Fusion 28 1555 Google Scholar
[44]	Mayo R M, Choi C K, Levinton F M, Janos A C, Yamada M 1990 Phys. Fluids B 2 115 Google Scholar

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[20]	邹　秀, 刘金远, 王正汹, 宫　野, 刘　悦, 王晓钢. 磁场中等离子体鞘层的结构. 物理学报, 2004, 53(10): 3409-3412. doi: 10.7498/aps.53.3409

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磁化同轴枪操作参数对球马克产生及等离子体特性的影响