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飞秒光学频率梳对光学频率精密测量和超快科学的发展起到了至关重要的作用, 而将其拓展至极紫外波段, 即可作为阿秒脉冲、紫外非线性光学、电子跃迁光谱探测以及量子电动力学等研究的有力工具. 极紫外飞秒光学频率梳需要通过高重复频率、高峰值功率的飞秒激光驱动高次谐波间接产生. 本文从极紫外飞秒光学频率梳的产生原理出发, 首先对其驱动源参数要求以及获取方式进行了介绍, 分别对比了啁啾脉冲放大技术、光参量啁啾脉冲放大技术、光纤放大技术和飞秒共振增强放大技术用于驱动极紫外飞秒光学频率梳产生的优缺点及适用性. 其次, 针对共线和非共线产生高次谐波的两种方式, 详细阐述了国际上常用的几种极紫外飞秒光学频率梳的耦合输出方法. 最后, 从基于飞秒共振增强腔、光参量啁啾脉冲放大器和由振荡器直接产生的极紫外飞秒光学频率梳三个角度出发, 对其研究进展进行了综述, 并对目前尚待优化的问题进行了总结.Femtosecond optical frequency combs have revolutionized the precision measurement of optical frequency and ultrafast science. Furthermore, the frequency combs expended to extreme ultraviolet (XUV) wavelength could provide an effective tool in attosecond pulse generation, nonlinear optics in ultraviolet, spectroscopy of electronic transitions and experiment of quantum electrodynamics. XUV femtosecond optical frequency combs need to be indirectly obtained by means of high-harmonic generation (HHG) drived by femtosecond pulses with high-repetition rate and extremely high peak power. In this review, firstly, the generation principle and the driving laser source requirements of femtosecond pulses generation in XUV spectral range are introduced. Basing on the requirements of driving laser sources, the several femtosecond laser amplification techniques are described, such as chirped pulse amplification (CPA), optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA), double cladding pumped fiber amplifier and femtosecond enhancement cavity (fsEC). Meanwhile, the relative merits and applicability of which for XUV femtosecond optical frequency combs generation are compared. Secondly, in the HHG process, the XUV is generated collinearly or non-collinearly with the optical driving field. For the collinear generation process, one of the fundamental challenges is the design of a high-efficiency XUV output coupler. Here, three methods for out-coupling the XUV are expounded. Also, the theory of non-collinear XUV generation is mentioned. Finally, some typical research progress of XUV femtosecond optical frequency combs generation based on fsEC, OPCPA and femtosecond oscillators are reviewed respectively, as well as the current problems that need to be optimized are summarized.
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Keywords:
- optical frequency comb /
- extreme ultraviolet /
- high harmonic generation /
- femtosecond enhancement cavity
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[2] Baird K M, Evenson K M, Hanes G R, Jennings D A, Petersen F R 1979 Opt. Lett. 4 263Google Scholar
[3] Layer H P, Rowley W R C, Marx B R 1981 Opt. Lett. 6 188Google Scholar
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[5] Jennings D A, Pollock C R, Petersen F R, Drullinger R E, Evenson K M, Wells J S, Hall J L, Layer H P 1983 Opt. Lett. 8 136Google Scholar
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[10] Eyler E E, Chieda D E, Stowe M C, Thorpe M J, Rschibi T R, Ye J 2008 Eur. Phys. J. D 48 43Google Scholar
[11] Peik E, Tamm C 2003 Europhys. Lett. 61 181Google Scholar
[12] Rellergert W G, Demille D, Greco R, Hehlen M P, Torgerson, J R, Hudson E R 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 200802Google Scholar
[13] Campbell C J, Radnaev A G, Kuzmich A 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 223001Google Scholar
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[67] Ditmire T, Crane J K, Nguyen H, Dasilva L B, Perry 1995 Phys. Rev. A. 51 R902Google Scholar
[68] Cingöz A, Yost D C, Allison T K, Ruehl A, Fermann M E, Hartl I, Ye J 2012 Nature 482 68Google Scholar
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[70] Carstens H, Högner M, Saule T, Holzberger S, Lilienfein N, Guggenmos A, Jocher C, Eidam T, Esser D, Tosa V, Pervak V, Limpert J, Tunnermann A, Krausz F, Pupeza I 2016 Optica 3 366Google Scholar
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[72] Porat G, Heyl C, Schoun S B, Benko C, Dorre N, Corwin K L, Ye J 2017 Nat. Photonics 12 387
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[1] Eckstein J N, Ferguson A I, Hänsch T W 1978 Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 847Google Scholar
[2] Baird K M, Evenson K M, Hanes G R, Jennings D A, Petersen F R 1979 Opt. Lett. 4 263Google Scholar
[3] Layer H P, Rowley W R C, Marx B R 1981 Opt. Lett. 6 188Google Scholar
[4] Pollock C R, Jennings D A, Petersen F R, Wells J S, Drullinger R E, Beaty E C, Evenson K M 1983 Opt. Lett. 8 133Google Scholar
[5] Jennings D A, Pollock C R, Petersen F R, Drullinger R E, Evenson K M, Wells J S, Hall J L, Layer H P 1983 Opt. Lett. 8 136Google Scholar
[6] Ma L, Bi Z Y, Bartels A, Robertsson L, Zucco M, Windeler R S, Wilpers S, Oates C W, Hollberg L, Diddams S A 2004 Science 303 1843Google Scholar
[7] Merkt F, Softley T P 1992 Chem. Phys. 96 4149
[8] Herrmann M, Haas M D, Jentschura U D, Kottmann F, Leibfried D, Saathoff G, Gohle C, Ozawa A, Batteiger V, Knunz S, Kolachevsky N, Schussler H A, Hänsch T W, Udem T 2009 Phys. Rev. A. 79 052505Google Scholar
[9] Kandula D Z, Gohle C, Pinkert T J, Ubachs W, Eikema K S E 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 063001Google Scholar
[10] Eyler E E, Chieda D E, Stowe M C, Thorpe M J, Rschibi T R, Ye J 2008 Eur. Phys. J. D 48 43Google Scholar
[11] Peik E, Tamm C 2003 Europhys. Lett. 61 181Google Scholar
[12] Rellergert W G, Demille D, Greco R, Hehlen M P, Torgerson, J R, Hudson E R 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 200802Google Scholar
[13] Campbell C J, Radnaev A G, Kuzmich A 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 223001Google Scholar
[14] Murphy M T, Webb J K, Flambaum V V 2003 Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 345 609Google Scholar
[15] Berengut J C, Dzuba V A, Flambaum V V, Ong A 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 210802Google Scholar
[16] Mcpherson A, Gibson G N, Jara H, Johann U, Luk T S, Mcintyre I A, Boyer K, Rhodes C K 1987 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 4 595Google Scholar
[17] Ferray M, Lhuillier A, Li X F, Lompre L A, Mainfray G, Manus C 1988 J. Phys. B-AT Mol. Opt. 21 L31Google Scholar
[18] Lhuillier A, Balcou P 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 774Google Scholar
[19] Macklin J J, Kmetec J D, Gordon C L 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 766Google Scholar
[20] Corkum P B 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 1994Google Scholar
[21] Popmintchev T, Chen M, Popmintchev D, Arpin P, Brown S, Alisauskas S, Andriukaitis G, Balciunas T, Mucke O D, Pugzlys A, Baltuska A, Shim B, Schrauth S E, Gaeta A L, Hernandezgarcia C, Plaja L, Becker A, Jaronbecker A, Mumane M M, Kapteyn H C 2012 Science 336 1287Google Scholar
[22] Strickland D, Mourou G 1985 Opt. Commun. 55 447Google Scholar
[23] Dubietis A, Jonusauskas G, Piskarskas A 1992 Opt. Commun. 88 437Google Scholar
[24] Ross I N, Matousek P, Towrie M, Langley A J, Collier J L 1997 Opt. Commun. 144 125Google Scholar
[25] Mears R J, Reekie L, Poole S B, Payne D N 1985 Electron. Lett. 21 738Google Scholar
[26] Mears R J, Reekie L, Poole S B, Payne D N 1986 Electron. Lett. 22 159Google Scholar
[27] Mears R J, Reekie L, Jauncey I M, Payne D N 1987 Optical Fiber Communication Conference Reno, United States, 19 January, 1987 pWI2
[28] Mears R J, Reekie L, Jauncey I M, Payne D N 1987 Electron. Lett. 23 1026Google Scholar
[29] Desurvire E, Simpson J R, Becker P C 1987 Opt. Lett. 12 888Google Scholar
[30] Snitzer E, Po H, Hakimi F, Tumminelli R P, Mccollum B C 1988 Optical Fiber Sensors New Orleans, United States, 27 January, 1988 pPD5
[31] Po H, Snitzer E, Tumminelli R P, Zenteno L, Hakimi F, Cho N M, Haw T 1989 Optical Fiber Communication Conference Houston, United States, 6 February, 1989 pPD7
[32] Jones R J, Ye J 2002 Opt. Lett. 27 1848Google Scholar
[33] Polzik E S, Kimble H J 1991 Opt. Lett. 16 1400Google Scholar
[34] Zimmermann C, Vuletic V, Hemmerich A, Hänsch T W 1995 Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 2318Google Scholar
[35] Villa F, Chiummo A, Giacobino E, Bramati A 2007 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 24 576Google Scholar
[36] Jones R J, Ye J 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 2812Google Scholar
[37] Jones R J, Thomann I, Ye J 2004 Phys. Rev. A. 69 051803Google Scholar
[38] Devoe R G, Fabre C, Jungmann K, Hoffnagle J A, Brewer R G 1988 Phys. Rev. A. 37 1802Google Scholar
[39] Moll K D, Jones R J, Ye J 2005 Opt. Express 13 1672Google Scholar
[40] 韩海年, 张金伟, 张青, 张龙, 魏志义 2012 物理学报 61 164206Google Scholar
Han H N, Zhang J W, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Wei Z Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 164206Google Scholar
[41] Pupeza I, Fill E E, Krausz F 2011 Opt. Express 19 12108Google Scholar
[42] Mills A K, Hammond T J, Lam M H, Jones D J 2012 J. Phys. B 45 142001Google Scholar
[43] Jones R J, Moll K D, Thorpe M J, Ye J 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 193201Google Scholar
[44] Gohle C, Udem T, Rauschenberger J, Holzwarth R, Herrmann M G, Schuessler H A, Krausz F, Hänsch T W 2005 Nature 436 234Google Scholar
[45] Lee J, Carlson D R, Jones R J 2011 Opt. Express 19 23315Google Scholar
[46] Yost D C, Schibli T R, Ye J 2008 Opt. Lett. 33 1099Google Scholar
[47] Yost D C, Cingoz A, Allison T K, Ruehl A, Fermann M E, Hartl I, Ye J 2011 Opt. Express 19 23483Google Scholar
[48] Yang Y, Susmann F, Zherebtsov S, Pupeza I, Kaster J, Lehr D, Fuchs H J, Kley E, Fill EE, Duan X, Zhao Z S, Krausz F, Stebbings S L, Kling, M. F 2011 Opt. Express 19 1954Google Scholar
[49] Moll K D, Jones R J, Ye J 2006 Opt. Express 14 8189Google Scholar
[50] Weitenberg J, Rusbuldt P, Eidam T, Pupeza I 2011 Opt. Express 19 9551Google Scholar
[51] Pupeza I, Holzberger S, Eidam T, Carstens H, Esser D, Weitenberg J, Russbueldt P, Rauschenberger J, Limpert J, Udem T, Tuennermann A, Hänsch T W, Apolonskiy A, Krausz F, Fi ll, E. E 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 608Google Scholar
[52] Paschotta, R 2006 Opt. Express 14 6069Google Scholar
[53] Lhuillier A, Balcou P, Candel S, Schafer K J, Kulander K C 1992 Phys. Rev. A. 46 2778Google Scholar
[54] Wu J, Zeng H 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 3315Google Scholar
[55] Ozawa A, Vernaleken A, Schneider W, Gotlibovych I, Udem T, Hänsch T W 2008 Opt. Express 16 6233Google Scholar
[56] Fomichev S V, Breger P, Carre B, Agostini P, Zaretsky D F 2002 Laser Phys. 12 383
[57] Ozawa A, Vernaleken A, Gotlibovych I, Hommelhoff P, Udem T, Hänsch T W 2010 Proceedings of Spie the International Society for Optical Engineering Brussels, Belgium, 4 June, 2010 p7728
[58] Allison T K, Cingoz A, Yost D C, Ye J 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 183903Google Scholar
[59] Carlson D R, Lee J, Mongelli J, Wright E M, Jones R J 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 2991Google Scholar
[60] Ruehl A, Marcinkevicius A, Fermann M E, Hartl I 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 3015Google Scholar
[61] Eidam T, Hanf S, Seise E, Andersen T V, Gabler T, Wirth C, Schreiber T, Limpert J, Tunnermann A 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 94Google Scholar
[62] Schibli T R, Hartl I, Yost D C, Martin M J, Marcinkevicius A, Fermann M E, Ye J 2008 Nat. Photonics 2 355Google Scholar
[63] Hartl I, Schibli T R, Marcinkevicius A, Yost D C, Hudson D D, Fermann M E, Ye J 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 2870Google Scholar
[64] Pupeza I, Eidam T, Rauschenberger J, Bernhardt B, Ozawa A, Fill E E, Apolonski A, Udem T, Limpert J, Alahmed Z A, Azzeer A M, Tunnermann A, Hänsch T W, Krausz, F 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2052Google Scholar
[65] Hao Q, Li W X, Zeng H P 2009 Opt. Express 17 5815Google Scholar
[66] Bernhardt B, Ozawa A, Pupeza I, Vernaleken A, Kobayashi Y, Holzwarth R, Fill E E, Krausz F, Hänsch T W, Udem T 2011 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference Baltimore, United States, 1–6 May, 2011 pQTuF3
[67] Ditmire T, Crane J K, Nguyen H, Dasilva L B, Perry 1995 Phys. Rev. A. 51 R902Google Scholar
[68] Cingöz A, Yost D C, Allison T K, Ruehl A, Fermann M E, Hartl I, Ye J 2012 Nature 482 68Google Scholar
[69] Pupeza I, Holzberger S, Eidam T, Esser D, Weitenberg J, Carstens H, Rusbuldt P, Limpert J, Udem T, Tunnermann A, Hänsch T W, Krausz F, Fill E E 2013 The European Physical Journal Conferences, Brussels, Belgium, 4 June, 2013 p10023
[70] Carstens H, Högner M, Saule T, Holzberger S, Lilienfein N, Guggenmos A, Jocher C, Eidam T, Esser D, Tosa V, Pervak V, Limpert J, Tunnermann A, Krausz F, Pupeza I 2016 Optica 3 366Google Scholar
[71] Jocher C, Eidam T, Hadrich S, Limpert J, Tunnermann A 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 4407Google Scholar
[72] Porat G, Heyl C, Schoun S B, Benko C, Dorre N, Corwin K L, Ye J 2017 Nat. Photonics 12 387
[73] Drake G W, Yan Z C 2008 Can. J. Phys. 86 45Google Scholar
[74] Karshenboim S G 2005 Phys. Rep. 422 1Google Scholar
[75] Pálffy A 2010 Contemp. Phys. 51 471Google Scholar
[76] Ubachs W, Salumbides E J, Eikema K S, Oliveira N D, Nahon L 2014 Electron. Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 196 159Google Scholar
[77] Vogel M, Quint W 2013 Ann. Phys. 525 505Google Scholar
[78] Zhang C, Schoun S B, Heyl C, Porat G, Gaarde M B, Ye J 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 093902
[79] Pinkert T J, Kandula D Z, Gohle C, Barmes I, Morgenweg J, Eikema K S 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 2026Google Scholar
[80] Seres E, Seres J, Spielmann C 2012 Opt. Express 20 6185Google Scholar
[81] Emaury F, Diebold A, Saraceno C J, Keller U 2015 Optica 2 980Google Scholar
[82] Labaye F, Gaponenko M S, Wittwer V J, Diebold A, Paradis C, Modsching N, Merceron L, Emaury F, Graumann I J, Phillips C R, Saraceno C J, Krankel C, Keller U, Sudmeyer T 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 5170Google Scholar
[83] Yu Z J, Han H N, Xie Y, Peng Y N, Xu X D, Wei Z Y 2016 Opt. Express 24 3103Google Scholar
[84] Tian W L, Yu C, Zhu J F, Zhang D C, Wei Z Y, Xu X D, Xu J 2019 Opt. Express 27 21448Google Scholar
[85] Udem T, Holzwarth R, Hänsch T W 2002 Nature 416 233Google Scholar
[86] Cundiff S T, Ye J 2003 Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 325Google Scholar
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