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设计了一种高时空分辨率、高偏转灵敏度的同步扫描条纹管. 采用降低阴极与阳极之间电压、增大等位区长度的方法提高了条纹管的偏转灵敏度. 采用在阴极后引入超精细栅网、合理设计六电极静电聚焦系统上各个电极所加电压以及将电子束交叉点设计到偏转板入口处的方法, 降低了时间畸变和时间弥散, 提高了条纹管的时空分辨率. 7000 V工作电压下的模拟结果显示: 在阴极有效尺寸10 mm × 4 mm内, 该条纹管的物理时间分辨率优于1.83 ps @MTF = 10%, 阴极静态空间分辨率优于38 lp/mm @MTF = 10%, 偏转灵敏度为125 mm/kV; 在250 MHz同步扫描频率下的动态空间分辨率优于16 lp/mm, 极限时间分辨率为1.39 ps; 在10 mm × 20 μm阴极狭缝脉冲下得到的同步扫描时间分辨率优于2.3 ps. 此外, 实验测试结果显示: 该条纹管阴极中心的静态空间分辨率为40 lp/mm, 在75 MHz同步扫描频率下测得的时间分辨率为5.55 ps.A synchroscan streak tube with high spatiotemporal resolution and high deflection sensitivity is proposed, which contains several innovation designs. Some measures are taken to improve the imaging performances of the streak tube. Firstly, in order to obtain a high deflection sensitivity, the difference in voltage between the photocathode and anode and the length of the equipotential region of the streak tube are reduced as much as possible. Secondly, by introducing a hyperfine grid behind the cathode, reasonably designing the voltages applied to the six-electrode electrostatic focusing system, and moving the electron beam crossing point to the entrance of the deflection plates, the temporal dispersion and the temporal distortion of the streak tube are reduced, and the spatiotemporal resolution of the streak tube is improved. Besides, the streak tube is technically analyzed by tracking the temporal and spatial distribution of electrons under an operating voltage of 7000 V with the aid of computer simulation technology (CST) software. The results show that the deflection sensitivity is 125 mm/kV, the physical temporal resolution is better than 1.83 ps @MTF = 10%, and the static spatial resolution on the photocathode is better than 38 lp/mm @MTF = 10% over the effective photocathode area with a size of 10 mm × 4 mm. By applying a synchronous scanning voltage with a repetition frequency of 250 MHz to the deflection electrode, the results show that the dynamic spatial resolution of the streak tube is better than 16 lp/mm, the limit of the dynamic temporal resolution is 1.39 ps, and two rectangular electron pulses with a size of 10 mm × 20 μm and an interval of 2.3 ps emitted from the photocathode can be well resolved by the streak tube. In addition, the experimental measurements are conducted with a streak tube developed in our laboratory. The results demonstrate that the photocathode of the streak tube can work in the entire visible light region, and the response in the short wavelength region is significantly better than that in the long wavelength region. The static spatial resolution of this streak tube is 40 lp/mm in the center of the photocathode. The temporal resolution of this streak tube is 5.55 ps measured under a synchronous scanning voltage with a repetition frequency of 75 MHz.
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Keywords:
- synchroscan streak tube /
- deflection sensitivity /
- ultra-fast low light diagnosis /
- spatiotemporal resolution
[1] 王季刚 2012 博士学位论文 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学)
Wang J G 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[2] 郭宝平, Cunin B, 牛憨笨 2005 光子学报 34 442
Guo B P, Cunin B, Niu H B 2005 Acta Photonic Sin. 34 442
[3] 牛憨笨, 刘月平, 杨勤劳 1988 光子学报 17 12
Niu H B, Liu Y P, Yang Q L 1988 Acta Photonic Sin. 17 12
[4] 张焕文 1986 光子学报 15 43
Zhang H W 1986 Acta Photonic Sin. 15 43
[5] Adams M C, Sibbett W, Bradley D J 1980 Adv. Electron. Electron Phy. 52 265
[6] Finch A, Sleat W E, Sibbett W 1989 Re. Sci. Instrum. 60 839
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[7] Sibbett W 1983 15th Intl Congress on High Speed Photography and Photonics San Diego, USA, March 1, 1983 p15
[8] 屈军乐, 牛憨笨, 李冀, 赵慧娟, 陈晓颍 2000 光学学报 20 1657
Google Scholar
Qu J L, Niu H B, Li J, Zhao H J, Chen X Y 2000 Acta Optica Sin. 20 1657
Google Scholar
[9] Taylor J R, Adams M C, Sibbett W 1980 Appl. Phys. 21 13
Google Scholar
[10] Fujimoto J G, Yee T K, Salour M M 1981 Appl. Phys. Lett. 39 12
Google Scholar
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[12] OptoScope SC-10 Systems https://optronis.com/en/ [2021-4-25]
[13] Datasheets of Streak Tube Photochrom 5 http://www.photek.co.uk/ [2021-4-25]
[14] Howorth J R, Phillips I, Monastryski M 2003 25th International Congress on High-Speed Photography and Photonics Beaune, France, August 1, 2003 p311
[15] Synchronous Scanning Streak Camera 2200 (同步扫描条纹相机 2200) http://opt.cas.cn/gb2019/kycg/cpzs/202008/t202008 24_5670183.html [2021-4-25]
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Liu Y P 1985 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[18] Weiland T 1977 Electronics and Communication (AEü) 31 pp116−120
[19] 裴鹿成, 张孝泽 1980 蒙特卡罗方法及其在粒子输运问题中的应用 (北京: 科学出版社) 第100−114页
Pei L C, Zhang X Z 1980 Monte Carlo Method and the Application in the Transport of Particles (Beijing: Science Press) pp100−114 (in Chinese)
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Liu H L 2008 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
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Du B C, Wang J R 2002 Electron Optics (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press) pp74, 75 (in Chinese)
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Google Scholar
[24] 牛憨笨, 杨勤劳 1985 光子学报 13 67
Niu H B, Yang Q L 1985 Acta Photonic Sin. 13 67
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[28] 刘蓉, 田进寿, 苗润才, 王强强, 温文龙, 李岩, 王俊峰, 徐向晏, 卢裕, 刘虎林, 王兴 2016 光子学报 45 109
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Niu H B, Zhang H W, Wang X H, Yang Q L, Liu Y P, Wang Y C, Ren Y A, Zhou J L 1989 Acta Photonic Sin. 18 11
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图 3 不同轴向位置处光电阴极中心的像斑大小
Fig. 3. Size of the image spot at the center of the photocathode at different axial positions.
图 4 条纹管内电势分布情况 (a)子午面内电势分布图; (b)轴上电势分布; (c)轴上电势的一阶导数和二阶导数分布
Fig. 4. Potential distribution of the streak tube: (a) Potential distribution on the meridian plane; (b) potential along the z axis; (b) the first and second derivatives of the potential along the z-axis.
图 5 狭缝方向离轴不同距离处发射的电子束的时间分辨特性 (a) TMTF; (b)时间畸变
Fig. 5. Time resolution properties of the electrons emitted from different distances on the cathode in the direction of the slit: (a) TMTF; (b) temporal distortion.
图 6 狭缝方向离轴不同距离处发射的电子束的空间调制传递函数 (a)弧矢方向; (b)子午方向
Fig. 6. SMTF of the electrons emitted from different place on the cathode in the direction of the slit: (a) SMTF in the sagittal direction; (b) SMTF in the meridian direction.
图 7 荧光屏上偏转距离随偏转电压的变化
Fig. 7. Deflection distance versus voltage applied on deflection plate.
图 8 不同偏转电压下离轴不同距离处发射的电子的空间分辨率 (a)弧矢方向; (b)子午方向
Fig. 8. Spatial resolution of the electrons emitted at different distances from the axis varies with the deflection voltage: (a) Sagittal direction; (b) meridian direction.
图 10 阴极发射的光电子脉冲序列及其扫描结果 (a)蒙特卡罗抽样的电子脉冲序列; (b)时间间隔为10 ps的电子脉冲序列的的扫描图像
Fig. 10. Emitted electron pulses from photocathode and its scanning image: (a) M-C sampling electron pulse sequences; (b) scanning image of the electron pulses with an interval of 10 ps.
图 11 动态空间分辨率模拟结果 (a)荧光屏上电子像斑分布; (b)电子像斑沿弧矢方向的强度分布曲线
Fig. 11. Simulation results of dynamic spatial resoluiton: (a) Distribution of the scanning image on the phosphor screen; (b) intensity distribution of the scanning image along the sagittal direction.
图 12 间隔为2.3 ps的10 mm × 20 μm狭缝脉冲的动态扫描像
Fig. 12. Dynamic scanning image of a 10 mm × 20 μm slit pulses with an interval of 2.3 ps.
图 16 光电阴极中心静态空间分辨率测试结果
Fig. 16. Test result of static spatial resolution of photocathode center.
图 17 同步扫描时间分辨率测试结果 (a) CCD采集到的扫描狭缝像; (b)扫描狭缝像沿扫描方向的强度积分曲线
Fig. 17. Results of synchronous scanning temporal resolution test: (a) Scanning image collected by CCD; (b) intensity distribution of the scanned image along the scanning direction.
表 1 光电阴极10 mm × 4 mm内发射的光电子的时空分辨率
Table 1. Temporal and spatial resolution of photoelectrons emitted within 10 mm × 4 mm of the photocathode.
离轴距离 X = 0 mm X = 1 mm X = 2 mm X = 3 mm X = 4 mm X = 5 mm 时间分辨率/ps Y = –1 mm 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.34 1.42 1.63 Y = –2 mm 1.24 1.27 1.37 1.40 1.40 1.83 弧矢方向空间分辨率/( lp·mm–1) Y = –1 mm 177 88 61 39 44 21 Y = –2 mm 66 122 77 40 36 18 子午方向空间分辨率/( lp·mm–1) Y = –1 mm 605 2268 431 186 76 40 Y= –2 mm 515 211 147 139 47 27 
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[1] 王季刚 2012 博士学位论文 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学)
Wang J G 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[2] 郭宝平, Cunin B, 牛憨笨 2005 光子学报 34 442
Guo B P, Cunin B, Niu H B 2005 Acta Photonic Sin. 34 442
[3] 牛憨笨, 刘月平, 杨勤劳 1988 光子学报 17 12
Niu H B, Liu Y P, Yang Q L 1988 Acta Photonic Sin. 17 12
[4] 张焕文 1986 光子学报 15 43
Zhang H W 1986 Acta Photonic Sin. 15 43
[5] Adams M C, Sibbett W, Bradley D J 1980 Adv. Electron. Electron Phy. 52 265
[6] Finch A, Sleat W E, Sibbett W 1989 Re. Sci. Instrum. 60 839
Google Scholar
[7] Sibbett W 1983 15th Intl Congress on High Speed Photography and Photonics San Diego, USA, March 1, 1983 p15
[8] 屈军乐, 牛憨笨, 李冀, 赵慧娟, 陈晓颍 2000 光学学报 20 1657
Google Scholar
Qu J L, Niu H B, Li J, Zhao H J, Chen X Y 2000 Acta Optica Sin. 20 1657
Google Scholar
[9] Taylor J R, Adams M C, Sibbett W 1980 Appl. Phys. 21 13
Google Scholar
[10] Fujimoto J G, Yee T K, Salour M M 1981 Appl. Phys. Lett. 39 12
Google Scholar
[11] The Universal Streak Camera C10910 series https://www.hamamatsu.com/jp/en/index.html [2021-4-25]
[12] OptoScope SC-10 Systems https://optronis.com/en/ [2021-4-25]
[13] Datasheets of Streak Tube Photochrom 5 http://www.photek.co.uk/ [2021-4-25]
[14] Howorth J R, Phillips I, Monastryski M 2003 25th International Congress on High-Speed Photography and Photonics Beaune, France, August 1, 2003 p311
[15] Synchronous Scanning Streak Camera 2200 (同步扫描条纹相机 2200) http://opt.cas.cn/gb2019/kycg/cpzs/202008/t202008 24_5670183.html [2021-4-25]
[16] 田丽萍, 沈令斌, 陈琳, 李立立, 陈萍, 田进寿 2021 光子学报 50 143
Google Scholar
Tian L P, Shen L B, Chen L, Li L L, Chen P, Tian J S 2021 Acta Photonic Sin. 50 143
Google Scholar
[17] 刘月平 1985 硕士学位论文 (西安: 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所)
Liu Y P 1985 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[18] Weiland T 1977 Electronics and Communication (AEü) 31 pp116−120
[19] 裴鹿成, 张孝泽 1980 蒙特卡罗方法及其在粒子输运问题中的应用 (北京: 科学出版社) 第100−114页
Pei L C, Zhang X Z 1980 Monte Carlo Method and the Application in the Transport of Particles (Beijing: Science Press) pp100−114 (in Chinese)
[20] 刘虎林 2008 硕士学位论文 (西安: 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所)
Liu H L 2008 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[21] 惠丹丹, 田进寿, 王俊锋, 卢裕, 温文龙, 徐向晏 2016 物理学报 65 018502
Google Scholar
Hui D D, Tian J S, Wang J F, Lu Y, Wen W L, Xu X Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 018502
Google Scholar
[22] 杜秉初, 汪健如 2002 电子光学 (北京: 清华大学出版社) 第74, 75页
Du B C, Wang J R 2002 Electron Optics (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press) pp74, 75 (in Chinese)
[23] Sibbett W, Niu H, Baggs M R 1982 Re. Sci. Instrum. 53 758
Google Scholar
[24] 牛憨笨, 杨勤劳 1985 光子学报 13 67
Niu H B, Yang Q L 1985 Acta Photonic Sin. 13 67
[25] Niu H, Sibbett W, Baggs M R 1982 Re. Sci. Instrum. 53 563
Google Scholar
[26] 田进寿, 赵宝升, 吴建军, 赵卫, 刘运全, 张杰 2006 物理学报 55 3368
Google Scholar
Tian J S, Zhao B S, Wu J J, Zhao W, Liu Y Q, Zhang J 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 3368
Google Scholar
[27] 王强强 2014 硕士学位论文 (西安: 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所)
Wang Q Q 2014 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[28] 刘蓉, 田进寿, 苗润才, 王强强, 温文龙, 李岩, 王俊峰, 徐向晏, 卢裕, 刘虎林, 王兴 2016 光子学报 45 109
Liu R, Tian J S, Miao R C, Wang Q Q, Wen W L, Li Y, Wang J F, Xu X Y, Lu Y, Liu H L, Wang X 2016 Acta Photonic Sin. 45 109
[29] [30] 牛憨笨, 张焕文, 王贤华, 杨勤劳, 刘月平, 王云程, 任永安, 周军兰 1989 光子学报 18 11
Niu H B, Zhang H W, Wang X H, Yang Q L, Liu Y P, Wang Y C, Ren Y A, Zhou J L 1989 Acta Photonic Sin. 18 11
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