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针对连续变量量子密钥分发系统实用化进程中对系统核心参数的规范标定需求, 本文提出了一种基于平衡零差探测技术的平均光子数测量方法, 即利用平衡零差探测基本结构, 在本振臂添加一个电光相位调制器. 不同于通过计算相位漂移值进行被动相位补偿的方式, 本方法主动地对相位调制器加载
$ [0,\mathrm{ }2\mathrm{\pi }] $ 的均匀随机相位以避免相位漂移对测量结果的影响. 仿真及实验验证了平衡零差探测器输出信号服从带有两个峰值的驼峰分布, 且探测输出信号方差与待测光脉冲平均光子数呈线性关系. 采用该方案实现的平均光子数测量精度为0.1个光子/脉冲, 测量范围达23 dB. 优化选择探测器性能和数据采集工具的采样精度和量程, 可实现满足测量要求的平均光子数和脉冲消光比测量, 为连续变量量子密钥分发系统的关键参数标准化提供了一种可行方案.Quantum key distribution (QKD) has become an alternative technology defensing the security threat resulting from quantum computing. Owing to its superiority in coexistence with optical infrastructures and cost-effective, continuous variable QKD (CV-QKD) is widely studied and developed towards the practical application stage. The standardized measurement of critical parameters of the system should be studied urgently. In this work we propose a scheme based on balanced homodyne detection with phase-randomized local oscillator to realize the average photon number measurement. By controlling local oscillator phase positively, which obeys $ [0,\mathrm{ }2\mathrm{\pi }] $ uniform distribution, a linear relationship between average photon numbers and the variance of detector output can be obtained in simulation and experiment. With high-accuracy (～0.1) photons/pulse and large range ～23 dB, this average photon number measurement scheme provides a great reference to evaluating the critical parameters of CV-QKD system in the practical process.-
Keywords:
- photon number measurement /
- quantum key distribution /
- standardization
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图 2 探测器输出信号方差随待测相干态信号的强度变化的仿真结果
Fig. 2. Variance of BHD output changes with the intensity of coherent state.
图 3 实验装置图 (BS, 光分束器; VATT, 可调光衰减器; CATT, 固定衰减器; PM, 相位调制器; ADC, 模数转换器)
Fig. 3. Experimental setup. BS, beam splitter; VATT, variable attenuator; CATT, constant attenuator; PM, phase modulator; ADC, analog to digital converter.
图 5 探测器输出信号方差与平均光子数关系(电噪声
${V_{{\text{ele}}}} = $ $ 0.07{N_0}$ , 平衡零差探测效率$\eta = 0.6044$ , ADC采样精度为14 bit)Fig. 5. Variance of detector output varies with average photon numbers. Electrical nosie is
${V_{{\text{ele}}}} = 0.07{N_0}$ , the efficiency of BHD is$\eta = 0.6044$ and sampling accuracy is 14 bit. -
[1] Lodewyck J, Debuisschert T, Tualle B R, Grangier P 2005 Phys. Rev. A 72 050303
Google Scholar
[2] Lodewyck J, Bloch M, García P R, Fossier S, Karpov E, Diamanti E, Grangier P 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 042305
Google Scholar
[3] Namiki R, Hirano T 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 117901
Google Scholar
[4] Heid M, Lütkenhaus N 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 022313
Google Scholar
[5] Eriksson T A, Hirano T, Puttnam B J, Rademacher G, Luís R S, Fujiwara M, Namiki R, Awaji Y, Takeoka M, Wada N 2019 Commun. Phys. 2 1
Google Scholar
[6] Qi B, Zhu W, Qian L, Lo H K 2010 New J. Phys. 12 10
Google Scholar
[7] Kumar R, Qin H, Alléaume R 2015 New J. Phys. 17 043027
Google Scholar
[8] Kleis S, Steinmayer J, Derksen R H, Schaeffer C G 2019 Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA San Diego, California, USA, March 3–7, 2019 pTh1J.3
[9] Karinou F, Brunner H H, Fung C H F, Comandar L C, Bettelli S, Hillerkuss D, Kuschnerov M, Mikroulis S, Wang D, Xie C S Peev M, Poppe A 2018 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30 7
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[12] Sasaki T, Yamamoto Y, Koashi M 2014 Nature 509 7501475
Google Scholar
[13] Qi B, Hunag L L, Qian L, Lo H K 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 052323
Google Scholar
[14] Huang D, Huang P, Lin D K, Zeng G H 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 19201
Google Scholar
[15] Wang X Y, Liu J Q, Li X F, Li Y M 2015 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 51 6
Google Scholar
[16] 黄端 2017 博士学位论文 (上海: 上海交通大学)
Huang D 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University) (in Chinese)
[17] Hansen H, Aichele T, Hettich C, Lodahl P, Lvovsky A I, Mlynek J, Schiller S 2001 Opt. Lett. 26 21
Google Scholar
[18] 刘文元 2020 博士学位论文 (太原: 山西大学)
Liu W Y 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanxi: Shanxi University) (in Chinese)
[19] 汪超 2012 博士学位论文 (上海: 上海交通大学)
Wang C 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University) (in Chinese)
[20] 李源 2019 博士学位论文 (上海: 上海交通大学)
Li Y 2019 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University) (in Chinese)
[21] Nie Y Q, Huang L, Liu Y, Payne F, Zhang J, Pan J W 2015 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86 2435
Google Scholar
[22] 郭弘, 李政宇, 彭翔 2016 量子密码 (北京: 国防工业出版社) 第138页
Guo H, Li Z Y, Peng X 2016 Quantum Cryptography (Beijing: National Defense Industry Press) P138 (in Chinese)
[23] Yang J, Liu J L, Su Q, Li Z Y, Fan F, Xu B J, Guo H 2016 Opt. Express 24 27475
Google Scholar
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