高温超导约瑟夫森结技术及应用于液氮温区量子电压标准的可能性

陈紫雯; 朱珠; 康焱; 焦玉民; 张力丹; 张焱; 马平

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20241262

摘要

本文对液氮温区约瑟夫森电压标准的物理原理、相关应用研究的发展历史、研究现状以及未来发展方向进行了综述. 液氮温区工作的约瑟夫森电压标准具有移动性强、能耗小等特点, 便于应用推广. 本文描述了目前约瑟夫森量子电压标准的研究现状, 重点探讨了基于高温超导体发展液氮温区量子电压标准可能性, 以及目前在芯片制备方面存在的各种挑战. 在此基础上, 介绍了超导约瑟夫森结阵列的一种新型制备技术, 即聚焦氦离子辐照技术, 其在高一致性约瑟夫森结阵列的制备上可能具有优势, 是未来探索实现液氮温区量子电压计量标准的一种可能技术路线.

关键词:

Abstract

This paper reviews the physical principles, development history of related application research, current research status and prospects of the Josephson voltage standard (JVS) working at liquid helium temperatures. The JVS working at liquid helium temperature has advantages of high mobility and low-energy consumption, and has a broad application prospect. This paper describes the research status of Josephson voltage standards, focusing on the possibility of developing a JVS based on high-temperature superconductors, and the challenges in chip preparation. In addition, a newly developed preparation technology for Josephson junction, namely the focused helium ion beam, is introduced. It has advantages in the preparation of high consistent Josephson junction arrays in high consistency. Therefore, it is a possible technical route for exploring the realization of JVS working at liquid helium temperature in the future.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
北京无线电计量测试研究所, 北京　100039

2.
北京大学应用超导研究中心, 北京　100871

3.
北京大学, 人工微结构和介观物理全国重点实验室, 北京　100871

4.
北京大学物理学院, 北京　100871

通信作者: 朱珠, hrb_zz@sina.com ; 张焱, zhang_yan@pku.edu.cn ; 马平, maping@pku.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 61571019)、国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2020YFF01014706, 2017YFC0601901)和2024年北京大学“仪器创制与关键技术研发”项目资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Beijng Institute of Radio Metrology & Measurement, Beijing 100039, China

2.
Applied Superconductivity Research center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

3.
State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

4.
School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Corresponding author: ZHU Zhu, hrb_zz@sina.com ; ZHANG Yan, zhang_yan@pku.edu.cn ; MA Ping, maping@pku.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61571019), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2020YFF01014706, 2017YFC0601901), and the 2024 Peking University ‘Instrument Creation and Key Technology Research and Development’ Program, China.

文章全文

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施引文献

图 1 约瑟夫森结的示意图

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of a Josephson junction.

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图 2 相位粒子在约瑟夫森势阱中运动的示意图　(a)随着I增大, 约瑟夫森势阱逐渐倾斜, 相位粒子滑动到下一个极小值处; (b)随着I减小, 约瑟夫森势阱恢复水平, 相位粒子在一个局部极小值上振荡

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the motion of phase particle in the Josephson potential well: (a) As I increases, the Josephson potential well gradually tilts, and the phase particle slides to the next minimum; (b) as I decreases, the Josephson potential well returns, and the phase particle oscillates at a new local minima.

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图 3 N4-21量子电压的桌面测控部分, 包括: 1. 制冷模块, 2. 测试模块, 3. 控制与电源模块, 4. 电脑^[42]

Fig. 3. Photo of the cryocooler-based table top Josephson voltage standard N4-21. 1. cryocooler unit, 2. measuring unit, 3. control and power supply unit and 4. laptop ^[42].

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图 4 双晶晶界约瑟夫森结列拓扑结构微观结构图^[43], 该串联阵列由一条垂直穿过晶界的曲折线连接而成. 图中标记1为双梳齿结构, 它们构成了一个半波长谐振器. 中间的虚线表示晶界, 在该处形成晶界结^[43]

Fig. 4. Schematic representation of the topology of a chain of bi-crystal Josephson junctions. The array is connected by a meandering line passing vertically through the grain boundary. Label 1 indicates the double comb tooth structure, which constitutes a half wavelength resonator. The position of grain boundaries is indicated by the dashed line^[43]

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图 5 (a) 161个串联双晶结在77 K时, 75.2 GHz微波辐照下的伏安特性曲线; (b)子阵列伏安特性曲线中在12.5 mV电压处的台阶^[42]

Fig. 5. (a) Current-voltage characteristic of the HTS array containing 161 junctions under irradiation at frequency 75.2 GHz; (b) current-voltage trace of step at approximately 12.5 mV of the sub array^[42].

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图 6 聚焦氦离子束辐照写入超导约瑟夫森结的示意图^[78]

Fig. 6. Schematic representation of a focused helium ion beam creating a Josephson junction^[78].

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图 7 (a)聚焦氦离子束制备阵列的光学显微镜图, 周围是电极, 连接了中间的弯曲微带线^[84]; (b)阵列的三个分支, 黑色代表了超导薄膜上蒸镀的金^[84]; (c)氦离子显微镜成像模式下的100 nm间距结阵放大图^[84]

Fig. 7. (a) Optical image of the array pattern. Large bonding pads attached to a centered meandering microstrip^[84]. (b) Three branches of the meander are enlarged. Dark color lines are Au covered Superconducting film^[84]. (c) Zoomed view of single tracks of He⁺ irradiation at 100 nm inter-spacing imaged in HIM^[84].

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图 8 T = 24 K时的I-V特性　(a)在不同微波功率下无微波辐射和微波辐射(f = 11.79 GHz)的单结^[84]; (b)在不同微波功率下无微波辐射和有微波辐射(f = 11.76 GHz)的50个串联结阵列, 其中台阶的相邻步长之间的电压是单个结的60倍^[84]; (c)在不同输入功率电平下无微波辐射和有微波辐射(f = 12.35 GHz)的60个结串联的阵列, 其中台阶的相邻步长之间的电压是单个结的60倍^[84]

Fig. 8. Current-voltage characteristics at T = 24 K for (a) single junction without and with microwave radiation of f = 11.79 GHz at different input power levels^[84]. (b) 50-JJ series array without and with microwave radiation of f = 11.76 GHz at different input power levels. The space between adjacent steps in voltage is 50 times of that for an individual junction^[84]. (c) 60-JJ series array without and with microwave radiation of f = 12.35 GHz at different input power levels. The space between adjacent steps in voltage is 60 times of that for an individual junction^[84].

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高温超导约瑟夫森结技术及应用于液氮温区量子电压标准的可能性