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针对空天一体化发展中临近空间飞行器在卫星拒止下的自主导航难题, 脉冲星导航作为一种极具前景的解决方案, 其可否应用取决于临近空间X射线的传输特性. 本文首先分析了电离层内X射线与带电离子、自由电子等物质的相互作用, 给出了反射、散射及吸收作用对1—100 keV能段X射线的质量衰减系数. 然后基于NRLMSIS 2.1模型和IRI-2020模型建立了X射线在临近空间传输的分层模型, 给出了1—30 keV的X射线在60—100 km的传输效率和流量获取方法. 最后分析了传输效率在不同季节与纬度、昼夜等条件下的变化规律, 阐述了传输效率的分布特征. 结果表明, 以南极中山站为例, 10 keV能量的X射线, 在75 km以上时传输效率均高于83.96%. 本研究为X射线脉冲星导航在临近空间的应用研究提供了数据支撑.In the context of the development of aerospace integration, the near-space aircraft is facing the challenge of autonomous navigation under the satellite denial conditions. Pulsar navigation is a promising solution, and its applicability depends on the transmission characteristics of X-rays in near-space. Firstly, in this paper the interactions between X-rays and charged ions, free electrons and other substances in the ionosphere are analyzed, and the mass attenuation coefficients of reflection, scattering and absorption to X-rays with energy of 1–100 keV are presented. Then, based on the NRLMSIS 2.1 model and IRI-2020 model, a stratified model for X-ray transmission in nearspace is established, and the transmission efficiency and flux acquisition method for 1–30 keV X-rays in 60–100 km are obtained. Finally, the variations in transmission efficiency under the conditions of different seasons, latitudes and days and nights are analyzed, and the distribution characteristics of transmission efficiency are described. Analysis results are shown below. 1) Photoelectric absorption plays a dominant role, while coherent scattering and incoherent scattering have relatively minor influence and the reflection effect is extremely weak and negligible for X-rays applicable to pulsar navigation. 2) The transmission efficiency exhibits a significant positive correlation with X-ray energy and altitude, and it usually exceeds 80% when the X-ray energy exceeds 10 keV. 3) The transmission efficiency exhibits distinct annual variation characteristics in the Arctic region and Antarctic region and subtle semi-annual variation characteristics in the equatorial region. It peaks in the winter hemisphere and reaches a minimum in the summer hemisphere, with the amplitude of its fluctuations in polar regions far exceeding that in the equatorial region. Additionally it also shows the periodic daily variations with daytime decreasing and nighttime increasing, and the amplitude of diurnal fluctuations being no more than 0.82%. The results indicate that the transmission efficiency peaks in the early morning of the Antarctic winter for 10 keV X-rays at 75 km. Taking Antarctic China Zhongshan Station for example, it can reach up to 93.57%, which means a 9.61% increase over the summer minimum of 83.96%. This study provides crucial data for supporting the applications of X-ray pulsar navigation in nearspace.
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Keywords:
- X-ray /
- near space /
- transmission characteristics /
- pulsar
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图 1 康普顿散射光子能量与入射光子能量之比随入射光子能量的变化
Fig. 1. Relationship between the ratio of Compton scattered photon energy to incident photon energy and incident photon energy.
图 2 康普顿散射截面与入射光子能量的关系 (a) 总散射截面; (b) 纯散射截面
Fig. 2. Relationship between Compton scattering cross section and incident photon energy: (a) Total scattering cross section; (b) pure scattering cross section.
图 3 纯散射截面与总散射截面比值
Fig. 3. Ratio of pure scattering cross section to total scattering cross section.
图 4 光电吸收截面随X射线能量变化 (a) 氧原子; (b) 氮原子
Fig. 4. Photoelectric absorption cross section changes with X-ray energy: (a) Oxygen atom; (b) nitrogen atom.
图 5 N, O, NO光电吸收质量衰减系数随X射线能量变化曲线
Fig. 5. Variation curves of mass attenuation coefficient of N, O and NO atoms with X-ray energy.
图 6 不同相互作用质量衰减系数随X射线能量变化曲线
Fig. 6. Variation curves of mass attenuation coefficient of different interactions with X-ray energy.
图 7 基于临近空间电离层和大气数据的分层模型
Fig. 7. Stratified model based on ionospheric and atmospheric data in near space.
图 8 X射线光子流量在临近空间传输特性
Fig. 8. Transmission characteristics of X-ray photon flux in near space.
图 9 两极及赤道地区大气密度、电子密度的季节性特征 (a) 大气密度; (b) 电子密度
Fig. 9. Seasonal characteristics of atmospheric density and electron density in polar and equatorial regions: (a) Atmospheric density; (b) electron density.
图 10 两极及赤道地区75 km传输效率的季节性特征
Fig. 10. Seasonal characteristics of transmission efficiency at 75 km in polar and equatorial regions.
图 11 两极及赤道地区大气密度、电子密度的昼夜变化 (a) 大气密度; (b) 电子密度
Fig. 11. Diurnal variation of atmospheric density and electron density at the poles and equator: (a) Atmospheric density; (b) electron density.
图 12 两极及赤道地区75 km传输效率的昼夜变化
Fig. 12. Diurnal variation of transmission efficiency at 75 km in polar and equatorial regions.
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