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本文利用正弦交流电压激励液体电极放电系统, 通过增大液体电导率(σ), 发现放电从均匀模式过渡为斑图模式, 且斑图模式中依次在液面观察到了齿轮、锯盘、离散点、单臂螺旋和同心圆环等结构. 放电的电压电流波形表明放电仅发生在电压的负半周期(液体作瞬时阳极), 气体击穿后放电电流迅速增大并很快达到峰值然后缓慢减小. 对于均匀模式, 放电电流的减小是单调的; 但对于斑图模式, 放电电流在减小过程中存在一段几乎不随时间变化的平台阶段. 此外, 随σ升高, 峰值电流和平台电流均增大, 且放电击穿时刻提前. 利用增强型电荷耦合设备拍摄了均匀模式和斑图模式在液面附近的时间演化行为, 发现不论何种放电模式最初液面上均产生的是均匀圆盘, 而各种非均匀的斑图是产生在平台阶段. 基于反应-扩散模型, 通过改变离子强度与电流强度(对应变量m和l)对均匀模式和斑图模式进行了数值仿真, 获得了实验对应的放电模式. 此外, 采集了液面附近放电的发射光谱, 计算了与电子温度和电子密度相关的谱线强度比. 通过对光谱进行拟合, 获得了液面附近放电的气体温度和分子振动温度. 研究发现这些等离子体参数随σ的增大(对应着放电模式的变化)而升高.A liquid-electrode discharge system excited by an alternating-current sinusoidal voltage is employed to investigate the discharge modes with varying liquid conductivity (σ). The results indicate that with σ increasing, the discharge transitions from the uniform mode to the pattern mode, which undergoes various self-organized patterns such as gear, circular saw, discrete spots, single-arm spiral, and concentric rings on the liquid surface. The voltage and current waveforms reveal that the discharge occurs only in the negative half-cycle of applied voltage (when the liquid acts as the instantaneous anode). After gas breakdown, the discharge current rises rapidly to a peak, and then slowly decreases. For the uniform mode, the current decreases monotonically. However, during the current decreasing in the pattern mode, there appears a plateau in which the current keeps almost invariant with time. As σ increases, the values of the peak current and the plateau increase, and the breakdown moment advances. In addition, fast photographyachieved through an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) shows that regardless of the discharge mode, a uniform disk is initially generated on the liquid surface, and various non-uniform patterns are formed during the plateau stage. Based on the reaction-diffusion model, numerical simulations are carried out through changing ion strength and current strength, which are related to the variables m and l. The simulated discharge modes are well in line with those obtained in the experiments. Moreover, spectral line intensity ratios related to electron temperature and electron density are determined through the spectra emitted from the discharge near the liquid surface. By fitting the spectra, gas temperature and molecular vibration temperature are obtained, which show an increasing trend with σ increasing.
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Keywords:
- liquid electrode discharge /
- self-organized patterns /
- alternating-current voltage driven /
- spatial-temporal evolution /
- reaction-diffusion model
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图 2 曝光时间texp为0.25 ms, 溶液σ变化时(a)均匀模式和(b)—(f)斑图模式的照片, 其中(b)齿轮模式; (c)锯盘模式; (d)离散点模式; (e)单臂螺旋模式; (f)同心圆环模式
Fig. 2. Images of the uniform mode (a) and the self-organized patterns (b)–(f) with varying σ. Panel (b)–(f) correspond to (b) gear, (c) circular saw, (d) discrete spots, (e) single-arm spiral, and (f) concentric rings, respectively. The exposure time (texp) is 0.25 ms.
图 3 溶液σ变化时(不同放电模式)施加电压与放电电流的波形.
Fig. 3. Waveforms of applied voltage and discharge current with varying σ (different discharge modes).
图 4 单次曝光ICCD(texp = 500 ns)拍摄液面上放电的时间演化图像(ICCD的门时刻在对应的电流波形中标注) (a) 均匀模式; (b) 齿轮模式; (c) 锯盘模式; (d) 离散点模式; (e) 单臂螺旋模式; (f) 同心圆环模式
Fig. 4. Single-shot ICCD images with texp of 500 ns for the discharges on the liquid surface: (a) The uniform mode; (b) gear pattern; (c) circular saw pattern; (d) discrete spots pattern; (e) single-arm spiral pattern; (f) concentric rings pattern. The gate moments of the ICCD are labelled in the corresponding current waveform.
图 5 (a) 单次曝光ICCD (texp = 500 ns) 拍摄的均匀模式和斑图模式的照片; (b) 利用反应-扩散模型获得不同变量(l和m)值的放电模式
Fig. 5. (a) Images of the uniform mode and the patterns captured by the ICCD with texp of 500 ns; (b) the discharge modes predicted by the reaction-diffusion model with different values of variables (l and m).
图 6 (a) 300—800 nm扫描范围内来自于液体表面的发射光谱; (b) $ {\text{N}}_{2}^{+}{(}{\text{B}}^{2}{\text{∑}}_{\text{u}}^{+}\to{\text{X}}^{2}{\text{∑}}_{\text{g}}^{+}{)} $ 转动谱带拟合实例; (c), (d) Te与Ne (c)及Tv与Tg (d)随σ的变化
Fig. 6. (a) 300 to 800 nm scanned spectrum emitted from the discharge near the liquid surface; (b) experimental and simulated spectra of the first negative of $ {\text{N}}_{2}^{+}{(}{\text{B}}^{2}{\text{∑}}_{\text{u}}^{+}\to{\text{X}}^{2}{\text{∑}}_{\text{g}}^{+}{)} $; (c), (d) Te and Ne (c), Tv and Tg (d) as a function of σ.
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