Quantum direct portation

Wang Ming-Yu; Wang Xin-De; Ruan Dong; Long Gui-Lu

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20210837

Abstract

Quantum state that carries classical information, 0 or 1, can be safely and reliably transmitted using quantum secure direct communication. How to transmit an arbitrary quantum state is a wider issue and has important applications. One way is to use quantum teleportation, namely, first distribute a large number of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs, and then perform entanglement purification to obtain a near-perfect pair, and make quantum teleportation using the pair. In this article, we propose a method that directly port the quantum state with security and reliability using quantum secure direct communication. After sufficient number of copies of the same state have been directly ported, single-particle purification is performed to obtain a near perfect single particle state. This is important because it offers a new method for sending an arbitrary single particle state securely and reliably without using quantum teleportation. It is also an important extension of quantum secure direct communication to send an arbitrary quantum state. Quantum direct portation will have great potential in quantum internet.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2.
Frontiers Science Research Center, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
3.
School of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
4.
Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China

Corresponding author: Long Gui-Lu, gllong@tsinghua.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11974205), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2011AA06Z228), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0303700), the Key R&D Program of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2018B030325002) and the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Chip (ICFC)

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References

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[40]	Chen Y H, Xia Y, Chen Q Q, Song J 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 033856 Google Scholar
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[42]	Baksic A, Ribeiro H, Clerk A A 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 230503 Google Scholar
[43]	Xu X S, Zhang H, Kong X Y, Wang M, Long G L 2020 Photonics Res. 8 490 Google Scholar
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[46]	Do H, Malaney R, Green J 2021 Quantum Eng. 3 e60
[47]	Zhou P, Lv L, He L M 2021 Quantum Eng. 3 e64
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[65]	Pati A K 2020 Phys. Rev. A 63 014302
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[67]	Cirac J I, Ekert A K, Macchiavello C 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4344 Google Scholar
[68]	Ricci M, De Martini F, Cerf N J, Filip R, Fiurášek J, Macchiavello C 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 170501 Google Scholar
[69]	Hou S Y, Sheng Y B, Feng G R, Long G L 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 6857
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[71]	邓富国, 李熙涵, 李涛 2018 物理学报 67 130301 Google Scholar Deng F G, Li X H, Li T 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 130301 Google Scholar
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Cited By

表 1 $ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作前后序列B中的单光子态(传输任意已知单比特量子态)

Table 1. Single photon states in sequence B before and after $ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $ operation in the case of transmitting arbitrary known single qubit.

$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作前	$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作后
$\|0 \rangle$	$ a\|0 \rangle +b\|1 \rangle $
$ \|1 \rangle $	$ -{b}^{*}\left\|0 \rangle +a\right\|1 \rangle $
$ \|+ \rangle $	$({1}/{\sqrt{2} })[\left(a-{b}^{*}\right)\left\|0 \rangle +\left(a+b\right)\right\|1 \rangle ]$
$ \|- \rangle $	$({1}/{\sqrt{2} })[\left(a+{b}^{*}\right)\left\|0 \rangle +\left(b-a\right)\right\|1 \rangle ]$

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 $ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作前后序列B中的单光子态和Bob采用的操作(传输赤道态)

Table 2. Single photon states in sequence B before and after $ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $ operation in the case of transmitting equatorial state & Bob’s related operations.

$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作前	$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作后	Bob采用的操作
$ \|0 \rangle $	$ \|0 \rangle $	舍弃
$ \|1 \rangle $	$ {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}\phi }\|1 \rangle $	舍弃
$ \|+ \rangle $	$({1}/{\sqrt{2} })\left(\right\|0 \rangle +{ {\rm{e} } }^{ {\rm{i} }\phi }\|1 \rangle )$	I
$ \|- \rangle $	$({1}/{\sqrt{2} })\left(\right\|0 \rangle -{ {\rm{e} } }^{ {\rm{i} }\phi }\left\|1 \rangle \right)$	Z

DownLoad: CSV

表 3 $ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作前后序列B中的单光子态和Bob采用的操作(传输实系数态)

Table 3. Single photon states in sequence B before and after $ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $ operation in the case of transmitting real-coefficient state & Bob’s related operations.

$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作前	$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作后	Bob采用的操作
$ \|0 \rangle $	$ a\|0 \rangle +b\|1 \rangle $	I
$ \|1 \rangle $	$ -b\|0 \rangle +a\|1 \rangle $	Y
$ \|+ \rangle $	$({1}/{\sqrt{2} })[\left(a-b\right)\left\|0 \rangle +\left(a+b\right)\right\|1 \rangle ]$	$ ZH $
$ \|- \rangle $	$({1}/{\sqrt{2} })[\left(a+b\right)\left\|0 \rangle +\left(b-a\right)\right\|1 \rangle ]$	$ XH $

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Bennett C H, Brassard G 1984 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems & Signal Processing Bangalore, India, December 10–12, 1984 p175
[2]	Zhang G, Haw J Y, Cai H, Xu F, Assad S M, Fitzsimons J F, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Yu S, Wu J, Ser W, Kwek L C, Liu A Q 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 839 Google Scholar
[3]	谷文苑, 赵尚弘, 东晨, 王星宇, 杨鼎 2019 物理学报 68 240301 Google Scholar Gu W Y, Zhao S H, Dong C, Wang X Y, Yang D 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 240301 Google Scholar
[4]	谷文苑, 赵尚弘, 东晨, 朱卓丹, 屈亚运 2019 物理学报 68 090302 Google Scholar Gu W Y, Zhao S H, Dong C, Zhu Z D, Qu Y Y 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 090302 Google Scholar
[5]	杨璐, 马鸿洋, 郑超, 丁晓兰, 高健存, 龙桂鲁 2017 物理学报 66 230303 Google Scholar Yang L, Ma H Y, Zheng C, Ding X L, Gao J C, Long G L 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 230303 Google Scholar
[6]	Wilkinson K N, Papanastasiou P, Ottaviani C, Gehring T, Pirandola1 S 2020 Phys. Rev. Res. 2 033424 Google Scholar
[7]	Valivarthi R, Etheverry S, Aldama J, Zwiehoff F, Pruneri V 2020 Opt. Express 28 14547 Google Scholar
[8]	Eriksson T A, Luís R S, Puttnam B J, Rademacher G, Fujiwara M, Awaji Y, Furukawa H, Wada N, Takeoka M, Sasaki M 2020 J. Lightwave Technol. 38 2214 Google Scholar
[9]	杜聪, 王金东, 秦晓娟, 魏正军, 於亚飞, 张智明 2020 物理学报 69 190301 Google Scholar Du C, Wang J D, Qin X J, Wei Z J, Yu Y F, Zhang Z M 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 190301 Google Scholar
[10]	叶炜, 郭迎, 夏莹, 钟海, 张欢, 丁建枝, 胡利云 2020 物理学报 69 060301 Google Scholar Ye W, Guo Y, Xia Y, Zhong H, Zhang H, Ding J Z, Hu L Y 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 060301 Google Scholar
[11]	Long G L, Liu X S 2002 Phys. Rev. A 65 032302 Google Scholar
[12]	Deng F G, Long G L, Liu X S 2003 Phys. Rev. A 68 042317 Google Scholar
[13]	Deng F G, Long G L 2004 Phys. Rev. A 69 052319 Google Scholar
[14]	Wang C, Deng F G, Li Y S, Liu X S, Long G L 2005 Phys. Rev. A 71 044305 Google Scholar
[15]	王剑, 陈皇卿, 张权, 唐朝京 2007 物理学报 56 673 Google Scholar Wang J, Chen H Q, Zhang Q, Tang C J 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 673 Google Scholar
[16]	王天银, 秦素娟, 温巧燕, 朱甫臣 2008 物理学报 57 7452 Google Scholar Wang T Y, Qin S J, Wen Q Y, Zhu F C 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 7452 Google Scholar
[17]	Hu J Y, Yu B, Jing M Y, Xiao L T, Jia S T, Qin G Q, Long G L 2016 Light Sci. Appl. 5 e16144 Google Scholar
[18]	曹正文, 赵光, 张爽浩, 冯晓毅, 彭进业 2016 物理学报 65 230301 Google Scholar Cao Z W, Zhao G, Zhang S H, Feng X Y, Peng J Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 230301 Google Scholar
[19]	Zhu F, Zhang W, Sheng Y B, Huang Y D 2017 Sci. Bull. 62 1519 Google Scholar
[20]	Zhang W, Ding D S, Sheng Y B, Zhou L, Shi B S, Guo G C 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 220501 Google Scholar
[21]	刘志昊, 陈汉武 2017 物理学报 66 130304 Google Scholar Liu Z H, Chen H W 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 130304 Google Scholar
[22]	郑晓毅, 龙银香 2017 物理学报 66 180303 Google Scholar Zheng X Y, Long Y X 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 180303 Google Scholar
[23]	Qi R Y, Sun Z, Lin Z S, Niu P H, Hao W T, Song L Y, Huang Q, Gao J C, Yin L G, Long G L 2019 Light Sci. Appl. 8 22 Google Scholar
[24]	Wang C 2021 Fundamental Research 1 91 Google Scholar
[25]	Wu J W, Lin Z S, Yin L G, Long G L 2019 Quantum Eng. 1 e26
[26]	Pan D, Lin Z S, Wu J W, Zhang H R, Sun Z, Ruan D, Yin L G, Long G L 2020 Photonics Res. 8 1522 Google Scholar
[27]	Zhou Z R, Sheng Y B, Niu P H, Yin L G, Long G L, Hanzo L 2020 Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 63 230362 Google Scholar
[28]	Li T, Long G L 2020 New J. Phys. 22 063017 Google Scholar
[29]	Yang L, Wu J W, Lin Z S, Yin L G, Long G L 2020 Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 63 110311 Google Scholar
[30]	Niu P H, Wu J W, Yin L G, Long G L 2020 Quantum Inf. Process. 19 356 Google Scholar
[31]	Sun Z, Song L Y, Huang Q, Yin L G, Long G L, Lu J H, Hanzo L 2020 IEEE Trans. Commun. 68 5778 Google Scholar
[32]	Bergmann K, Theuer H, Shore B W 1998 Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 1003 Google Scholar
[33]	Vitanov N V, Halfmann T, Shore B W, Bergmann K 2001 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 52 763 Google Scholar
[34]	宋克慧 2005 物理学报 54 4730 Google Scholar Song K H 2005 Acta Phys. Sin. 54 4730 Google Scholar
[35]	向少华, 宋克慧 2005 物理学报 54 1190 Google Scholar Xiang S H, Song K H 2005 Acta Phys. Sin. 54 1190 Google Scholar
[36]	杨雄, 童朝阳, 匡乐满 2008 物理学报 57 1689 Google Scholar Yang X, Tong Z Y, Kuang L M 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1689 Google Scholar
[37]	Tian L 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 153604 Google Scholar
[38]	Wang Y D, Clerk A A 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 153603 Google Scholar
[39]	王勇, 张好, 陈杰, 王丽梅, 张临杰, 李昌勇, 赵建明, 贾锁堂 2013 物理学报 62 093201 Google Scholar Wang Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Wang L M, Zhang L J, Li C Y, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 093201 Google Scholar
[40]	Chen Y H, Xia Y, Chen Q Q, Song J 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 033856 Google Scholar
[41]	Lei F C, Gao M, Du C G, Ling J Q, Long G L 2015 Opt. Express 23 11509
[42]	Baksic A, Ribeiro H, Clerk A A 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 230503 Google Scholar
[43]	Xu X S, Zhang H, Kong X Y, Wang M, Long G L 2020 Photonics Res. 8 490 Google Scholar
[44]	Hu X M, Zhang C, Zhang C J, Liu B H, Huang Y F, Han Y J, Li C F, Guo G C 2019 Quantum Eng. 1 e13
[45]	Mastriani M, Iyengar S S 2020 Quantum Eng. 2 e55
[46]	Do H, Malaney R, Green J 2021 Quantum Eng. 3 e60
[47]	Zhou P, Lv L, He L M 2021 Quantum Eng. 3 e64
[48]	Wang T J, Yang G Q, Wang C 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 012323 Google Scholar
[49]	Cirac J I, Ekert A K, Huelga S F, Macchiavello C 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 4249 Google Scholar
[50]	Lim Y L, Beige A, Kwek L C 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 030505 Google Scholar
[51]	Serafini A, Mancini S, Bose S 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 010503 Google Scholar
[52]	Jiang L, Taylor J M, Sørensen A S, Lukin M D 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 062323 Google Scholar
[53]	Feng X L, Qian J, Kwek L C, Oh C H 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 012354 Google Scholar
[54]	van Meter R, Ladd T D, Fowler A G, Yamamoto Y 2010 Int. J. Quantum Inf. 8 295 Google Scholar
[55]	Matsuzaki Y, Benjamin S C, Fitzsimons J 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 010302 Google Scholar
[56]	Wu C, Fang M F, Xiao X, Li Y L, Cao S 2011 Chin. Phys. B 20 020305 Google Scholar
[57]	Li Y, Benjamin S C 2012 New J. Phys. 14 093008 Google Scholar
[58]	Sheng Y B, Zhou L 2017 Sci. Bull. 62 1025 Google Scholar
[59]	Hua M, Tao M J, Alsaedi A, Hayat T, Deng F G 2018 Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 530 1700402 Google Scholar
[60]	Briegel H J, Dür W, Cirac J I, Zoller P 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 5932 Google Scholar
[61]	Bennett C H, Brassard G, Crepeau C, Jozsa R, Peres A, Wootters W K 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 1895 Google Scholar
[62]	郭弘, 李政宇, 彭翔 2016 量子密码(北京: 国防工业出版社) 第539页 Guo H, Li Z Y, Peng X 2016 Quantum Cryptography (Beijing: National Defense Industry Press) p539 (in Chinese)
[63]	Bennett C H, Brassard G, Popescu S, Schumacher B, Smolin J A, Wootters W K 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 722 Google Scholar
[64]	Lo H K 2000 Phys. Rev. A 62 012313 Google Scholar
[65]	Pati A K 2020 Phys. Rev. A 63 014302
[66]	Bennett C H, DiVincenzo D P, Shor P W, Smolin J A, Terhal B M, Wootters W K 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 077902 Google Scholar
[67]	Cirac J I, Ekert A K, Macchiavello C 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4344 Google Scholar
[68]	Ricci M, De Martini F, Cerf N J, Filip R, Fiurášek J, Macchiavello C 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 170501 Google Scholar
[69]	Hou S Y, Sheng Y B, Feng G R, Long G L 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 6857
[70]	Han C, Zhou Z W, Guo G C 2006 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 39 1677 Google Scholar
[71]	邓富国, 李熙涵, 李涛 2018 物理学报 67 130301 Google Scholar Deng F G, Li X H, Li T 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 130301 Google Scholar
[72]	孙越 2013 量子光学学报 19 122 Sun Y 2013 Acta Sin. Quantum Opt. 19 122
[73]	Sheng Y B, Zhou L 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 052343 Google Scholar
[74]	Qin W, Wang C, Cao Y, Long G L 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 062314 Google Scholar

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Vol. 70, Issue 19 - 2021-10-05

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$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作前	$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作后
$\|0 \rangle$	$ a\|0 \rangle +b\|1 \rangle $
$ \|1 \rangle $	$ -{b}^{*}\left\|0 \rangle +a\right\|1 \rangle $
$ \|+ \rangle $	$({1}/{\sqrt{2} })[\left(a-{b}^{*}\right)\left\|0 \rangle +\left(a+b\right)\right\|1 \rangle ]$
$ \|- \rangle $	$({1}/{\sqrt{2} })[\left(a+{b}^{*}\right)\left\|0 \rangle +\left(b-a\right)\right\|1 \rangle ]$

$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作前	$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作后	Bob采用的操作
$ \|0 \rangle $	$ \|0 \rangle $	舍弃
$ \|1 \rangle $	$ {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}\phi }\|1 \rangle $	舍弃
$ \|+ \rangle $	$({1}/{\sqrt{2} })\left(\right\|0 \rangle +{ {\rm{e} } }^{ {\rm{i} }\phi }\|1 \rangle )$	I
$ \|- \rangle $	$({1}/{\sqrt{2} })\left(\right\|0 \rangle -{ {\rm{e} } }^{ {\rm{i} }\phi }\left\|1 \rangle \right)$	Z

$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作前	$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\varphi } $操作后	Bob采用的操作
$ \|0 \rangle $	$ a\|0 \rangle +b\|1 \rangle $	I
$ \|1 \rangle $	$ -b\|0 \rangle +a\|1 \rangle $	Y
$ \|+ \rangle $	$({1}/{\sqrt{2} })[\left(a-b\right)\left\|0 \rangle +\left(a+b\right)\right\|1 \rangle ]$	$ ZH $
$ \|- \rangle $	$({1}/{\sqrt{2} })[\left(a+b\right)\left\|0 \rangle +\left(b-a\right)\right\|1 \rangle ]$	$ XH $

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