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Single-crystal diamond (SCD) detectors promise to have applications in neutron spectrometers and fusion neutron monitoring under high flux deuterium plasma. The response to 14 MeV neutrons for the SCD detector is studied in this paper. A high-performance SCD neutron detector is developed by processing cleaning wafer, depositing metal electrodes, annealing and wire-bonding. A fast-neutrons monitoring system containing the detector, preamplifier and digital multichannel analyzer is constructed, and the response to 14 MeV neutrons for the detector is measured on the K-400 neutron generator supported by China Academy of Engineering Physics. In addition, computational simulations of the energy deposition and detection efficiency of 14 MeV neutron through diamond are performed via Geant4 toolkit based on evaluated nuclear data libraries of ENDF-VIII.0, JEFF-3.3, BROND-3.1, JENDL-4.0u and CENDL-3.1. The methods of widening the simulation spectrum and calibration of measuring spectrum are presented in order that simulation results are in reasonable agreement with measured values. The results indicate that the energy deposition of 14 MeV neutrons incident on the 12C can be more accurately calculated with CENDL-3.1 than with other data libraries. The elastic scattering and reaction of 12C(n, 3α) are described more accurately with the CENDL-3.1, and the characteristic peaks of 12C(n, α)9Be matched well the calibrated testing spectrum and the after-widening simulation spectrum, with a difference between the simulated detection efficiency and measuring results being as low as 0.61%. The outcome measures are described as the standardized mean difference, with a detection efficiency of (3.31 × 10–4 ± 0.11 × 10–4) counts/n, an energy resolution of 4.02% ± 0.09%, and a peaking channel of 1797.24 ± 0.80, which suggest that the detector keeps stable well under a high neutron flux of 2 × 1010 n/s for as long as 2 h. The results demonstrate that the SCD detector can be a promising candidate for monitoring 14 MeV D-T neutrons.
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Keywords:
- single-crystal diamond /
- 14 MeV neutron monitoring /
- Monte-Carol simulation /
- spectrum measurement
[1] Thomas D, Bedogni R, Méndez R, Thompson AZimbal A 2018 Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 180 21
Google Scholar
[2] Bertalot L, Krasilnikov V, Core L, Saxena A, Yukhnov N, Barnsley R, Walsh M 2019 J. Fusion Energ. 38 283
Google Scholar
[3] Cazzaniga C, Sunden E A, Binda F, et al. 2014 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 43506
Google Scholar
[4] 罗均华 2021 14 MeV中子物理及截面测量 (北京: 科学出版社) 第17页
Luo J H 2021 14MeV Neutron Physics and Cross Section Measurements (Beijing: Science Press) p17 (in Chinese)
[5] Osipenko M, Ripani M, Ricco G, Caiffi B, Pompili F, Pillon M, Angelone M, Verona-Rinati G, Cardarelli R, Mila G, Argiro S 2015 Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 799 207
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Google Scholar
[7] Isberg J, Hammersberg J, Johansson E, Wikström T, Twitchen D J, Whitehead A J, Coe S E, Scarsbrook G A 2002 Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 297 1670
Google Scholar
[8] Lee C, Ban C, Lee H, Choo K, Jun B 2019 Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 152 25
Google Scholar
[9] Tallaire A, Collins A T, Charles D, Achard J, Sussmann R, Gicquel A, Newton M E, Edmonds A M, Cruddace R J 2006 Diam. Relat. Mater. 15 1700
Google Scholar
[10] Laub W U, Kaulich T W, Nüsslin F 1999 Physics in Medicine & Biology 44 2183
Google Scholar
[11] Schirru F, Kisielewicz K, Nowak T, Marczewska B 2010 Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics 43 265101
Google Scholar
[12] Zbořil MZimbal A 2014 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 11D
Google Scholar
[13] Pillon M, Angelone M, Batistoni P, Loreti S, Milocco A 2016 Fusion Eng. Des. 106 93
Google Scholar
[14] Dankowski J, Drozdowicz K, Kurowski A, Wiącek U, Nowak T, Zabila Y 2017 Diam. Relat. Mater. 79 88
Google Scholar
[15] Giacomelli L, Nocente M, Rebai M, et al. 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 11D
Google Scholar
[16] Element sixTM https://www.e6.com/ [2021-5-12]
[17] Pillon M, Angelone M, Krása A, Plompen A J M, Schillebeeckx P, Sergi M L 2011 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 640 185
Google Scholar
[18] Agostinelli S, Allison J, Amako K, et al. 2003 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 506 250
Google Scholar
[19] Ge Z G, Zhao Z X, Xia H H, Zhuang Y X, Liu T J, Zhang J SWu H C 2011 J. Korean Phys. Soc. 59 1052
Google Scholar
[20] 李福龙, 张雄杰, 王仁波 2013 核电子学与探测技术 33 1266
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Google Scholar
[21] 石睿 2018 博士学位论文(成都: 成都理工大学)
Shi R 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology) (in Chinese)
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图 1 (a) 金刚石探测器结构; (b) 探测器实物
Figure 1. (a) The schematic diagram of the single-crystal diamond detector structure; (b) the as-fabricated device for test.
图 2 (a) 金刚石探测器中子能谱测量系统; (b) 14 MeV中子测量实验场景
Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of the setup for measurement of neutron spectrum; (b) experimental scenario for measurement of 14 MeV neutrons.
图 3 沉积能量粒子及其占比
Figure 3. Energy-deposited particles and their proportion.
图 4 不同粒子所在事件能量沉积情况 (a) 12C能量沉积; (b) 9Be能量沉积; (c) α粒子能量沉积情况; (d) 13C能量沉积; (e) γ射线能量沉积; (f) 电子能量沉积
Figure 4. Energy deposition for different particles in their events: (a)–(f) are for 12C, 9Be, alpha particles, 13C, gamma rays and electrons, respectively.
图 5 不同核数据库能量沉积对比(内插图是能量沉积谱的局部放大)
Figure 5. Comparison of energy deposition calculated via different nuclear databases. A close-up view of the energy-deposition spectra is in the inset.
图 6 实测谱与刻度、展宽后仿真谱对比(内插图是仿真谱和实测谱的局部放大)
Figure 6. Comparison of measured spectrum with calibrated and widen simulated spectrum. A close-up view of the two spectrums is in the inset.
图 7 金刚石探测器长时间稳定性测量结果 (a) 探测效率随测量时间的变化; (b) 能量分辨率随测量时间的变化; (c)峰位道址随测量时间的变化
Figure 7. Long-term stability measurement results of the single-crystal diamond detector: (a), (b) and (c) respectively represent the results of detection efficiency, energy resolution, and peak channel that change over measuring time.
表 1 12C与中子主要相互作用方式
Table 1. Main interaction modes between 12C and neutron.
反应方式 反应Q 值/MeV 带电粒子产物能量 12C(n, α)9Be 5.701 8.299 12C(n, 3α) 7.275 6.725 12C(n, n)12C 0 3.977 12C(n, p)12B 12.587 1.413 12C(n, d)11B 13.732 0.268 
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表 2 不同核数据库12C(n, α)9Be反应特征峰统计结果
Table 2. Statistical results of characteristic peaks of 12C(n, α)9Be reaction calculated via different nuclear databases.
核数据库 ENDF-VIII.0 JEFF-3.3 BROND-3.1 JENDL-4.0u CENDL-3.1 粒子沉积数/个 9766 9612 9814 10969 9862 探测效率/(10–4 counts·n–1) 3.26 3.20 3.27 3.66 3.29 统计不确定度/% 1.01 1.02 1.01 0.95 1.01
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[1] Thomas D, Bedogni R, Méndez R, Thompson AZimbal A 2018 Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 180 21
Google Scholar
[2] Bertalot L, Krasilnikov V, Core L, Saxena A, Yukhnov N, Barnsley R, Walsh M 2019 J. Fusion Energ. 38 283
Google Scholar
[3] Cazzaniga C, Sunden E A, Binda F, et al. 2014 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 43506
Google Scholar
[4] 罗均华 2021 14 MeV中子物理及截面测量 (北京: 科学出版社) 第17页
Luo J H 2021 14MeV Neutron Physics and Cross Section Measurements (Beijing: Science Press) p17 (in Chinese)
[5] Osipenko M, Ripani M, Ricco G, Caiffi B, Pompili F, Pillon M, Angelone M, Verona-Rinati G, Cardarelli R, Mila G, Argiro S 2015 Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 799 207
Google Scholar
[6] Weilhammer P, Adam W, Bauer C, et al. 1998 Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 409 264
Google Scholar
[7] Isberg J, Hammersberg J, Johansson E, Wikström T, Twitchen D J, Whitehead A J, Coe S E, Scarsbrook G A 2002 Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 297 1670
Google Scholar
[8] Lee C, Ban C, Lee H, Choo K, Jun B 2019 Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 152 25
Google Scholar
[9] Tallaire A, Collins A T, Charles D, Achard J, Sussmann R, Gicquel A, Newton M E, Edmonds A M, Cruddace R J 2006 Diam. Relat. Mater. 15 1700
Google Scholar
[10] Laub W U, Kaulich T W, Nüsslin F 1999 Physics in Medicine & Biology 44 2183
Google Scholar
[11] Schirru F, Kisielewicz K, Nowak T, Marczewska B 2010 Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics 43 265101
Google Scholar
[12] Zbořil MZimbal A 2014 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 11D
Google Scholar
[13] Pillon M, Angelone M, Batistoni P, Loreti S, Milocco A 2016 Fusion Eng. Des. 106 93
Google Scholar
[14] Dankowski J, Drozdowicz K, Kurowski A, Wiącek U, Nowak T, Zabila Y 2017 Diam. Relat. Mater. 79 88
Google Scholar
[15] Giacomelli L, Nocente M, Rebai M, et al. 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 11D
Google Scholar
[16] Element sixTM https://www.e6.com/ [2021-5-12]
[17] Pillon M, Angelone M, Krása A, Plompen A J M, Schillebeeckx P, Sergi M L 2011 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 640 185
Google Scholar
[18] Agostinelli S, Allison J, Amako K, et al. 2003 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 506 250
Google Scholar
[19] Ge Z G, Zhao Z X, Xia H H, Zhuang Y X, Liu T J, Zhang J SWu H C 2011 J. Korean Phys. Soc. 59 1052
Google Scholar
[20] 李福龙, 张雄杰, 王仁波 2013 核电子学与探测技术 33 1266
Google Scholar
Li F L, Zhang X J, Wang R B 2013 Nuclear Electronics & Detection Technology 33 1266
Google Scholar
[21] 石睿 2018 博士学位论文(成都: 成都理工大学)
Shi R 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology) (in Chinese)
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