6G technology development vision and terahertz communication

Feng Wei; Wei Shu-Ting; Cao Jun-Cheng

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20211729

Abstract

The future sixth-generation (6G) wireless network has advantages of global coverage, high spectrum efficiency, low cost, high safety, and higher intelligent level. The 6G technology can create ubiquitous intelligent mobile networks for human society. Terahertz wireless communication has the characteristics of high data transmission rate, low delay, and anti-interference, which may be widely used in 6G technology. This paper mainly introduces the planning vision, development status, and key 6G technology, and analyzes the terahertz devices, channels, communication systems, and the possible development trend of 6G technology.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China

Corresponding author: Cao Jun-Cheng, jccao@mail.sim.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61927813).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 (a) 420颗卫星的空间分布; (b)第一阶段实现了1584颗卫星星座, SpaceX的“星链”计划在全球范围内实现低成本互联网连接服务^[7]

Figure 1. (a) Spatial segment distribution of 420 satellites; (b) 1584 satellite constellations have been achieved in the first step, SpaceX’s “Starlink” plans to realize low-cost Internet connectivity services worldwide^[7].

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图 2 4G到6G通信和计算融合的体系结构的演化过程(转自三星6G白皮书6G -The Next Hyper Connected Experience for All)

Figure 2. Architectural evolution for convergence of communications and computing from 4G to 6G (from 6G-The Next Hyper Connected Experience for All).

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图 3 太空-地球一体化的海上MTC系统由卫星-地面综合的网络设施和自组织网络组合而成^[11]

Figure 3. Space-earth integrated maritime MTC system consisting of a satellite-terrestrial integrated network infrastructure and self-organized networks^[11].

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图 4 数据分析、ML和AI技术可用于模拟、数字和混合波束形成, 图中是利用全息波束形成可获得的用例场景^[16]

Figure 4. Data analytics and ML, and AI techniques can be used for simulation, digital, and hybrid beamforming, holographic beamforming has been taken as action scenario in this figure^[16].

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图 5 智能频谱管理体系构架^[33]

Figure 5. Management system architecture of intelligent frequency spectrum^[33].

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图 6 各种频带的测量和路径损耗模型^[35]　(a) 140−150 GHz频带; (b) 180−190 GHz频带; (c) 210−215 GHz频带

Figure 6. Measurement and path loss models for various frequency bands^[35]: (a) 140−150 GHz band; (b) 180−190 GHz band; (c) 210−215 GHz band.

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图 7 IRS辅助的THz MIMO通信系统^[38]

Figure 7. IRS-assisted THz MIMO communication system^[38].

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图 8 (a)草坪和(b)人行道上的链路距离与误码率性能的关系, 100 (黑色)、200 (蓝色)、300 (红色)和400 (绿色) GHz载波频率. 插图为路径损耗的平方根与距离和频率的乘积呈线性关系^[39]

Figure 8. The BER performance relevant to link distance on (a) lawn and (b) sidewalk, for 100 (black), 200 (blue), 300 (red), and 400 (green) GHz carrier frequencies. Inset: square root of path loss scales linearly with the product of the distance and the frequency^[39].

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图 9 (a)测量的BER性能与各种链路距离的关系及眼图, 由于信噪比的限制, 在60 cm处记录了最小误码率, 然后逐渐增加^[40]; (b)广岛大学研发的最高单通道数据速率为105 Gbit/s的Tx的显微图像^[41]

Figure 9. (a) Measurements of bit error rate performance for various link distance and eye-diagrams, and the minimum BER was recorded at 60 cm then increased gradually, due to the SNR limitation^[40]; (b) microimages of Tx with the highest single-channel 105 Gbit/s data rate developed by Hiroshima University^[41].

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图 10 220 GHz双载波通信系统的原理图, 该系统由一组固态收发器组成, 具有2个信号载波和2个基带^[46]

Figure 10. Schematic of the 220 GHz dual-carrier communication system consisting of a set of solid-state transceivers with two signal carriers and two basebands^[46].

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图 11 (a)矩形波导输出的光电二极管的俯视图和侧视图, 对于600 GHz波段波导(WR-1.5), 内部波导尺寸为L = 0.381 mm, W = 0.191 mm; (b)直流偏置电压V_B为–0.8 V, 光电流I_PD为6 mA和9 mA时输出功率与频率关系^[51]

Figure 11. (a) Top view and side view of a photodiode with a rectangular waveguide output. In a 600-GHz-band waveguide (WR-1.5), interior waveguide sizes are L = 0.381 mm, and W = 0.191 mm; (b) output power and frequency relationship when V_B is –0.8 V, I_PD is 6 mA and 9 mA^[51].

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图 12 (a) 300−500 GHz频段上在50 cm的无线传输后对8个信道的误码率性能的测量^[52]; (b)在2.8 m无线传输后, 对X和Y路径中的两路THz信号进行了评估, 图中为比特BER性能与UTC-PDS光功率的函数^[55]; (c) “w/o KK”、“二次KK”、“指数KK”的BER与CSPR及UTC-PD输入的光功率的函数曲线^[56]

Figure 12. (a) Measurements of BER performance after 50 cm wireless transmission for 8 channels in the 300−500 GHz band^[52]; (b) the evaluation of two-way THz signals in the X and Y paths after 2.8 m wireless transmission and a function of bit BER performance with UTC-PDS optical power in this figure^[55]; (c) function curve of BER and the optical power input from CSPR and UTC-PD for “w/o” KK”, “quadratic KK” and “exponential KK”^[56].

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图 13 (a)扭曲畴壁的光学图像; (b)具有直畴壁、十个角的扭曲畴壁和无畴壁的VPC的传输曲线, 无畴壁的VPC, 在0.32−0.35 THz之间的传输明显降低, 而具有扭曲或直畴壁的VPC, 带隙内的传输接近统一^[58]

Figure 13. (a) An optical image of the fabricated twisted domain wall; (b) measured transmission curves for a VPC with a straight domain wall, a twisted domain wall with ten corners and no domain wall, transmission between 0.32−0.35 THz is significantly reduced, while transmission within the band gap in the VPC with twisted or straight domain walls is nearly uniform^[58].

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图 14 (a)基于THz QCL和THz QWP的传输系统; (b)测量的误码率性能与数据比特率间关系^[62]

Figure 14. (a) Scheme of the transmission setup based on a THz QCL and a THz QWP; (b) measurements of BER performance versus data bit rate^[62].

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表 1 5G与6G的性能对比^[4,5]

Table 1. Performance comparison between 5G and 6G^[4,5]

性能	5G	6G
峰值数据速率	20 Gbit/s	1—10 Tbit/s
用户体验数据速率	0.1 Gbit/s	1 Gbit/s
时延	>1 ms	<0.3 ms
移动速度	<500 km/h	1000 km/h
全球覆盖率	大约70%	>99.9%
移动速度	500 km/h	>800 km/h
区域流量密度	0.01 Gbit/(s·m²)	1 Gbit/(s·m²)
网络能源效率	比4G高10—100倍	比5G高10—100倍
频谱效率	比4G高3—5倍	比5G高3—5倍

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[23]	Zhu K, Wu Z J 2020 Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops, Seoul, Korea, April 6−9, 2020 p1
[24]	Bashir S, H. Alsharif M, Khan I, Albreem M A, Sali A, Mohd Ali B, Noh W 2020 Comput. Mater. Con. 66 263 Google Scholar
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[31]	Bian R, Tavakkolnia I, Haas H 2019 J. Lightwave Technol. 37 2418 Google Scholar
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