Accepted
, , Received Date: 2025-09-04
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, , Received Date: 2025-12-29
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Fusion reactions not only provide key information for studying the dynamic evolution and dissipation mechanisms in quantum many-body systems, but also open up an important avenue for exploring the reaction dynamics and structural characteristics of atomic nuclei. In recent years, with the continuous development of the technology for synthesizing new elements and their isotopes via fusion reactions, a series of new elements and their isotopes have been successfully synthesized. This paper systematically summarizes the synthesis pathways of elements in different mass regions, ranging from hydrogen to mendelevium, as well as the experimental progress of various heavy-ion fusion reactions from light systems to heavy systems. It reviews the advantages and limitations of current theoretical models in describing the capture process, and focuses on analyzing the strengths and shortcomings of phenomenological models and microscopic dynamic models in explaining the fusion behavior of different reaction systems. For the capture cross sections in light nuclei-light nuclei reaction systems, the EBD method, the CCFULL model, the universal Wong formula, and the ImQMD model all demonstrate good agreement with the experimental data. For the systems involving light nuclei-medium mass nuclei and light nuclei-heavy nuclei, the mentioned above models provide satisfactory descriptions. In particular, for the 16O+144Sm reaction system, the results obtained from the CCFULL model show good agreement with experimental data across both the sub-barrier and above-barrier energy regions. For the heavy nuclei-heavy nuclei systems, however, the EBD method holds a distinct advantage. Therefore, in subsequent predictions of the evaporation residue cross sections for superheavy elements, the results calculated by the EBD method can serve as the input for the capture cross section. On this basis, several key scientific issues in fusion reaction research are proposed, including heavy-ion fusion hindrance, the phenomenon of fusion suppression at extreme sub-barrier energies, fusion probability $P_{\text{CN}}$, and the fission barrier of compound nuclei, etc. Furthermore, an outlook and suggestions for future research directions in fusion reactions are provided.
, , Received Date: 2025-09-24
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, , Received Date: 2025-09-15
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The Back-n white neutron facility at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) provides neutrons in the 0.3 eV–300 MeV energy range, severing as a crucial platform for neutron-induced nuclear reaction studies in China. With a flight length of about 76 m, neutrons in Endstation 2 show excellent neutron energy resolution, providing nice conditions for experiments such as neutron capture cross-section measurements relevant to astrophysical nucleosynthesis and key nuclear data. Measurements of neutron capture reactions mainly employ low- to intermediate-energy neutrons (below 1 MeV), and the precision of experimental results strongly depends on the neutron energy spectrum in this energy range. Benefiting from the stable operation of the CSNS, the neutron energy spectrum of Back-n remains highly stable over extended periods, but it also evolves with structural adjustments of the CSNS’s components such as the target and beam window. In this work, the 6Li-Si beam monitor at Back-n Endstation 2 was used to measure the low- to intermediate-energy neutron spectrum under the 50-15-40 collimator configuration in different preiods. Relative neutron energy spectra in the 0.3 eV–1 MeV range (100 bpd) were obtained before and after the proton beam window replacement in 2024 and the target structure adjustment in 2025. The unfolding threshold was extended down to 10 eV, achieving total uncertainty of 1%–6.8%. The results indicate that the new proton beam window reduced the neutron flux intensity in the eV to keV energy range and significantly altered the spectral shape, while adjustments to the target slightly increased the neutron flux intensity in the eV to keV range and marginally modified the spectral shape. Additionally, by analyzing the neutron energy spectra under two different commonly used collimator configurations, the differences in their spectral shapes were also compared. This work provides essential data support for neutron capture cross-section measurements and related studies carried out at the Back-n ES#2. The datasets presented in this paper are openly available at https://www.scidb.cn/s/ArAvAn .
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To meet the demands for miniaturization and higher operating frequencies in self biased circulators, improving the performance of hexaferrite materials is essential. In this work, La–Zn–Sc co substituted M type barium ferrites (La0.3Ba0.7Fe10.9-xZn0.3ScxO19) were prepared via solid state reaction. X ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of a single phase magnetoplumbite structure in all samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the ferrite particles exhibit hexagonal platelet morphology and are aligned along the c axis after wet pressing and sintering under a magnetic field. Lattice parameters and particle sizes were calculated from the XRD and SEM data. Magnetic measurements indicate that the Sc–La–Zn substituted M type ferrites exhibit high saturation magnetization (Ms > 60 emu/g) while allowing the magnetocrystalline anisotropy field to be tuned between 7–10 kOe via controlled Sc doping. Moreover, a narrow ferromagnetic resonance linewidth (ΔH ≈ 260 Oe) was achieved. Based on the measured magnetic parameters, three self biased circulators operating at center frequencies from 25 GHz to 35 GHz were designed and simulated using HFSS, demonstrating a broad frequency tuning range. The circulators exhibit a minimum insertion loss below 0.5 dB and a maximum isolation bandwidth (isolation >20 dB) of up to 4.4 GHz. This study highlights the potential of these materials for self biased circulators covering different frequency bands.
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Fe-based amorphous alloys have continuously attracted extensive attention due to their excellent soft magnetic properties, such as high saturation magnetization, high permeability, low coercivity, and low core loss. However, the theoretical studies on the magnetism of amorphous alloys remain incomplete, and the structural origins of the magnetic properties in Fe-based amorphous alloys are still unclear, making it difficult to fully explain their magnetic behavior. Accordingly, this review summarizes recent experimental and computational progress in exploring potential correlation mechanisms between amorphous structures and soft-magnetic properties. Existing research has primarily focused on how different elements affect the electronic structure, magnetic moment, saturation magnetization, and other properties of iron-based amorphous alloys. However, little effort has been devoted to the in-depth exploration into the underlying mechanisms of the local atomic structures, including short-range and medium-range order, influence magnetic properties. This review aims to provide a reference for further elucidating the structural origins of magnetic properties in Fe-based amorphous alloys, while also identifying key unresolved issues in future research.
, , Received Date: 2025-09-16
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The optical potential is a key tool for describing interactions in nuclear collisions and is widely used in studies of nuclear reaction mechanisms. It is highly sensitive to nuclear structure, leading to distinct characteristics between weakly bound and tightly bound nuclear systems.For weakly bound nuclei such as 6Li, 9Be and 6He, the behavior of the optical potential remains controversial due to insufficient experimental data at near-barrier and deep-barrier energies.In this work, elastic scattering angular distributions for the 6Li+208Pb system were measured at near-barrier and deep-barrier energies. Optical model fitting was employed to extract the optical potential parameters. The results indicate an anomalous threshold anomaly in the optical potential of this system, and the dispersion relation is not applicable. Furthermore, the reaction threshold for the 6Li+208Pb system was determined to be approximately 0.73VB based on deep-barrier data. A systematic analysis was also performed on the reaction thresholds and breakup thresholds of different nuclear systems.This work measured the optical potential of the 6Li+208Pb system at near-barrier and deep sub-barrier energies, providing data support for further investigation of the anomalous threshold anomaly.The datasets presented in this paper are openly available at https://www.doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00213.00218 .
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On the basis of precisely treating various physical effects—including core-valence electron correlation, scalar relativistic, spin-orbit coupling, and extrapolation to the complete basis set limit, this study constructs the potential energy curves of 18 Λ-S states and the corresponding 35 Ω states of the SH+ ion by means of the optimized icMRCI+Q method. Within the all-electron icMRCI/cc-pCV5Z+SOC theoretical framework, the transition dipole moment curves of 12 pairs of transitions between 7 Ω states[including X3Σ-0+, X3Σ-1, (1)21st well(υ'=0–8), (2)0+(υ'=0–5), (2)21st well(υ'=0–2), (2)11st well(υ'=0–2), and (3)0+(υ'=0–2)] are calculated. Based on the aforementioned potential energy curves and transition dipole moment curves, the spectral data of each state and the transition data between Ω states are determined by solving the Schrödinger equation for nuclear motion and combining with the corresponding formulas, and the obtained results are in excellent agreement with the experimental values. In addition, the spectral characteristics of the 12 pairs of radiative transitions are clarified, the variation laws of the radiative lifetimes(τυ'J') and radiation widths(Γr) of the excited Ω states are revealed, and the influence of the rotational quantum number(J') on the radiative lifetimes(τυ'J') of the (2)21st well(υ'=0−2, +), (2)11st well(υ'=0–2, +), and (3)0+(υ'=0–2, +) states is discussed. The datasets presented in this paper, including the potential energy curves of 18 Λ-S and 35 Ω states, 12 pairs of transition dipole moments between the 7 Ω states[X3Σ-0+, X3Σ-1,(1)21st well(υ'=0–8), (2)0+(υ'=0–5), (2)21st well(υ'=0–2), (2)11st well(υ'=0–2), and (3)0+(υ'=0–2)], and variation of the radiative lifetimes(τυ'J') with J' for the (2)21st well(υ'=0−2, +), (2)11st well(υ'=0–2, +), and (3)0+(υ'=0–2, +) states of SH⁺ ion, are openly available at https://www.doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00213.00233. (Data private access link https://www.scidb.cn/s/nMziqa)
, , Received Date: 2025-09-10
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The study of unstable nuclei beyond the nucleon drip line is an important method to study the nuclear interaction and structure in the extremely neutron- or proton-rich system, and various nuclides beyond the proton drip line mainly decay by spontaneous one-proton emission. Using the deformed Woods-Saxon potential, spin-orbit potential and the expanded Coulomb potential to construct the daughter-proton potential, based on the quantum tunneling model and the microscopic Gamow state theory, the half-lives data of various proton emitters are systematically calculated. By using nuclear data from different source and comparing to experiments, the dependence of proton emission on decay energy and spectroscopic factors is evaluated. Additionally, based on previous observations, the half-life of the possibly lighter proton emitter in the fpg-shell below has been theoretically predicted. Our results are compiled into a comprehensive dataset of half-lives for both experimentally confirmed emitters (50 < Z < 84) and theoretically predicted emitters (30 < Z < 50), providing a useful reference for future experimental investigations related to the proton drip line. The datasets presented in this paper, including our results of calculation, are openly available at https://www.doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.27551 .
, , Received Date: 2025-09-12
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Nuclear fission is a decay process by which a heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei. It plays a crucial role in the synthesis of superheavy elements, the rapid neutron-capture process, nuclear energy application and so on. The fission barrier is an important property of heavy nuclei, because its height and width directly relate with the lifetime of heavy nuclei, and affect charge yield, mass yield, and kinetic energy of fission fragments. In our study, the potential energy curves of actinide nuclei are obtained from the relativistic density functional theory in 3D lattice when the axial symmetry, reflection symmetry and $V_4$ symmetry are broken in turn. The effects of all the quadrupole and octupole deformation degrees of freedom on the inner barrier, outer barrier, and the fission isomeric state are investigated. It is found that breaking the reflection symmetry can lower the outer fission barriers significantly, breaking the axial symmetry can lower both the inner and outer barriers, breaking the $V_4$ symmetry has little effect on the inner and outer barriers, and the fission isomeric state is almost unaffected by symmetry breaking. Based on the relativistic density functional PC-PK1 and monopole pairing interaction, our results well reproduce the empirical values of the inner and outer barriers extracted from experiments, and the energies of the fission isomeric states are slightly underestimated. All the data presented in this paper is openly available at https://www.doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00213.00229 .
, , Received Date: 2025-09-02
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Nuclear mass, β-decay half-life, and neutron-capture rate are the most important nuclear physics inputs for rapid-neutron capture process (r-process) simulations. Nuclear mass can directly impact the abundance ratio of neighboring isotopes during the (n, γ)-(γ, n) equilibrium stage. On the other hand, nuclear mass influences the predictions of β-decay half-lives and the neutron-capture rates, thus indirectly impacting the r-process simulation. Currently, only about 3000 nuclear masses have been precisely measured in experiments, and many of the nuclear masses involved in r-process simulations can only be predicted by theory models. However, when extrapolating nuclear masses towards the neutron drip line, there are large discrepancies between the predictions of different mass models, which inevitably affects the predictions of β-decay half-lives and neutron-capture rates. In this work, ten mass models are employed to systematically study the impact of nuclear mass uncertainties on β-decay half-lives and neutron-capture rates. The β-decay half-lives and neutron-capture rates are calculated by the β-decay half-life semi-empirical formula and TALYS code, respectively. It has been found that the uncertainties in nuclear mass predictions among different mass models can reach 10 MeV in the neutron-rich region; the differences between the maximum and minimum masses predicted by these models even exceed 30 MeV for some nuclei. For the predictions of β-decay energy $Q_{\beta}$ and $(\rm n,\gamma)$ reaction energy $Q_{(\rm n,\gamma)}$, there are large deviations mainly around the neutron magic numbers and close to the neutron drip line, with uncertainties about 1 MeV and 2 MeV, respectively. The impact of mass uncertainties on the β-decay half-lives is about 0.6 orders of magnitude for neutron-rich nuclei. The uncertainties of neutron-capture rates increase significantly when extrapolating towards the neutron-rich region. At the temperature of $T=10^9$ K, the average uncertainties of neutron-capture rates range over 2~3 orders of magnitude for nuclei near neutron drip line. Taking $N=50,\;82,\;126,\;184$ isotones as examples, it is found that the differences between the maximum and minimum neutron-capture rates obtained from various nuclear mass models even exceed 10 orders of magnitude for some nuclei. The $Q_{(\rm n,\gamma)}$ directly impacts the trend of the neutron-capture rates, and the neutron-capture rates are very sensitive to the uncertainties of $Q_{(\rm n,\gamma)}$ for neutron-rich nuclei. In addition, the effect of temperature on neutron-capture rates has also been investigated, and it is found that the increase in temperature can reduce the impact of mass uncertainties on the predictions of neutron-capture rates for neutron-rich nuclei. In this work, the β-decay half-lives and neutron-capture rates are calculated based on ten mass tables. Therefore, more self-consistent nuclear physics inputs will be provided for the simulation of the r-process. The datasets presented in this paper are openly available at https://www.doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00213.00222 .
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To improve the security and efficiency of multi-image encryption, this paper proposes a hybrid encryption method that combines Interferenceless Coded Aperture Correlation Holography (I-COACH) with chaotic modulation and compressed sensing techniques. The method constructs a dual-layer encryption framework, integrating optical and digital processing to overcome the limitations of single-domain schemes.
In the optical layer, I-COACH is employed to encode multiple input images by recording their point spread holograms without interference, providing initial encryption and resistance against physical attacks. The resulting hologram is then processed using block-wise Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to achieve sparsity. Dual chaotic sequences perturb DCT coefficients to enhance key sensitivity and randomness. Finally, compressed sensing is applied to achieve secondary encryption while reducing the data volume by 30%, enabling efficient and secure storage or transmission. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an average Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR) of 99.44% and a Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) of 33.04% against differential attacks, with a ciphertext entropy of 7.9996 bit. Moreover, it exhibits excellent encryption performance in terms of key sensitivity, robustness, and resistance to statistical analysis. This method provides a practical solution for secure image application scenarios such as medical imaging and surveillance.
In the optical layer, I-COACH is employed to encode multiple input images by recording their point spread holograms without interference, providing initial encryption and resistance against physical attacks. The resulting hologram is then processed using block-wise Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to achieve sparsity. Dual chaotic sequences perturb DCT coefficients to enhance key sensitivity and randomness. Finally, compressed sensing is applied to achieve secondary encryption while reducing the data volume by 30%, enabling efficient and secure storage or transmission. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an average Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR) of 99.44% and a Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) of 33.04% against differential attacks, with a ciphertext entropy of 7.9996 bit. Moreover, it exhibits excellent encryption performance in terms of key sensitivity, robustness, and resistance to statistical analysis. This method provides a practical solution for secure image application scenarios such as medical imaging and surveillance.
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The modulation of electrical contact properties at the hole-selective contact represents a critical challenge for enhancing the efficiency of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, particularly due to the complex carrier transport in the induced p-n junction at the p-layer/TCO interface. In this work, we systematically investigate the carrier transport behavior within the hole contact stack by employing TCAD numerical simulations. Both the majority- and minority-carrier analyzing models were built, based on the typical TLM (Transfer Length Method) and CSM (Cox and Strack Method) architectures, specifically. Our findings reveal that the activation energy (Ea,p) of p-layer is a decisive parameter governing the carrier transport dynamics. A lower Ea,p (e.g., 100 meV) significantly reduces the hole transport barrier at the p-layer/TCO interface, facilitating dominant band-to-band tunneling (B2BT) or dangling-bond-assisted trap-assisted tunneling (TAT-DBS), while simultaneously optimizing band bending at the i-a-Si:H/c-Si interface to enhance hole collection efficiency. These synergistic effects not only significantly reduce the contact resistivity but also suppress the parasitic electron current under high forward bias, thereby maintaining excellent carrier selectivity over a wide voltage range. From an optical perspective, a lower Ea,p broadens the selection window for transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials, as it allows the use of TCO films with lower carrier concentration, thereby effectively mitigating parasitic absorption. This study clarifies the carrier transport mechanism at the hole-selective contact and establishes key material design criteria, providing vital theoretical guidance and practical strategies for the interface engineering and performance optimization of next-generation high-efficiency SHJ solar cells, as validated by experimental trends in recent high-efficiency devices.
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The mass of the atomic nucleus, as one of the fundamental physical quantities of the atomic nucleus, plays an important role in understanding and researching the structure of the atomic nucleus and nuclear reactions, the basic interactions between nucleons. However, accurately predicting the mass of nuclei far from the β stability line remains a huge challenge. Based on the machine-learning-refined mass model, the newly measured atomic nucleus masses since 2022, the residual proton-neutron interaction (δVpn), and the α-decay energy of heavy nucleus are studied. It is found that: (1) For the 23 newly measured atomic nuclei, the root mean square deviations obtained by the machine-learning-refined mass models are between 0.51 and 0.58 MeV, which are significantly lower than the 3.275, 1.058, 0.752, and 0.785 MeV given by the liquid droplet model (LDM), Weizsäcker-Skyrme-4 (WS4), finite-range droplet model (FRDM), and Duflo-Zucker (DZ), respectively. (2) The δVpn of the atomic nucleus with N=Z obtained from machine-learning-refined mass models is consistent with the latest experimental data. (3) The root mean square deviations of the α-decay energy of heavy nuclei obtained from the machine-learning-refined mass models have also been significantly reduced. Furthermore, by using the Bayesian model average approach to consider the results of different machine-learning-refined mass models, a more accurate prediction can be obtained. These results demonstrate that the machine-learning-refined mass models possess good extrapolation capabilities and can provide useful insight for further researches. The datasets presented in this paper, including the Scientific Data Bank, are openly available at https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00213.00246 (Please use the private access link https://www.scidb.cn /s/iY3iQn to access the dataset during the peer review process)
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