Experimental study on up-down asymmetry of tungsten impurities in EAST tokamak

Zhao Wei-Kuan; Zhang Ling; Cheng Yun-Xin; Zhou Cheng-Xi; Zhang Wen-Min; Duan Yan-Min; Hu Ai-Lan; Wang Shou-Xin; Zhang Feng-Ling; Li Zheng-Wei; Cao Yi-Ming; Liu Hai-Qing

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20231448

Abstract

By using the high-performance extreme ultraviolet spatial resolution impurity spectrometer, the up-down asymmetric distribution of tungsten impurity radiation in EAST tokamak is studied experimentally for the first time. The results show that during the co-directional neutral beam injection, the central toroidal rotation velocity is large, the up-down asymmetry is strong, and the side with strong radiation deviates from ion $B\times \nabla B$ drift direction. However, after injecting deuterated methane CD₄ into plasma through the valve of the upper divertor outer plate, the central toroidal rotation velocity decreases rapidly, and the asymmetry of the original tungsten impurity radiation decreases soon and finally reverses. In this work, a further statistical study of the W³²⁺ impurity radiation asymmetry factor I_u/I_d depending on the central toroidal rotation velocity V_t0 is performed. The results show that when V_t0 is larger than 30 km/s, the side with strong radiation deviates from ion $B\times \nabla B$ drift direction, however, when V_t0 decreases to below 20 km/s, the asymmetry can be reversed. The relation of toroidal rotation velocity with impurity radiation asymmetry validates the prediction from drift-kinetic theory, and demonstrates that the centrifugal force induced by the toroidal rotation directly causes the asymmetric distribution of tungsten impurities through affecting the momentum conservation parallel to the magnetic field. The experimental observation of the asymmetric distribution of tungsten impurities in this work lays a solid foundation for further studying the poloidal transport of high-Z impurities and provides some important references for controlling the high-Z impurities in future fusion reactors.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230026, China
2.
Department of Science Island, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
3.
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
4.
Institute of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Ling, zhangling@ipp.ac.cn ; Zhou Cheng-Xi, cxzhou@ustc.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFE03180400) and the National Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of China (Grant No. 12322512).

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References

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图 1 EAST极向截面、上单零位形(绿色线为最外磁面)以及3套极紫外光谱仪的观测弦(湛蓝色为EUV_Short, 红色为EUV_Long, 蓝色为EUV_Long2)

Figure 1. Poloidal cross section of EAST tokamak with upper single null (USN) plasma and the lines of sight (LOS) of three EUV spectrometers (azure blue is EUV_Short, red is EUV_Long, blue is EUV_Long2).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 EAST上不同类型的典型杂质辐射强度剖面　(a)芯部峰化分布; (b)近似对称(I_u/I_d = 1)的双峰分布; (c)不对称性朝上(I_u/I_d > 1)的双峰分布; (d)不对称性朝下(I_u/I_d < 1)的双峰分布, 其中灰色虚线表示磁轴$ \rho =0 $所在的中平面位置

Figure 2. Typical vertical profiles of normalized intensity of impurity lines: (a) Peaked profile; (b) symmetrical profile with double peaks (I_u/I_d = 1); (c) upward asymmetrical profile (I_u/I_d > 1); (d) downward asymmetrical profile (I_u/I_d < 1). The gray dash line indicates the mid-plane where $ \rho =0 $ locates.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 EAST #93801放电波形图　(a)等离子体电流I_p; (b)低杂波加热功率P_LHW及电子回旋加热功率P_ECRH; (c)中性束加热功率P_NBI1L; (d)弦平均电子密度n_e和芯部电子温度T_e0; (e) O窗口上外充气口的充气阀门电压; (f)上偏滤器D_α信号; (g) CVI (C⁵⁺, 33.73 Å)线辐射强度; (h)钨未分解跃迁系辐射强度(W-UTA, 45—70 Å); (i)芯部环向旋转速度V_t0; (j) W²⁷⁺ 51.457 Å, W³²⁺ 52.2 Å线辐射不对称性因子I_u/I_d

Figure 3. Time evolution of (a) plasma current, I_p; (b) heating power from lower hybrid wave, P_LHW, and electron cyclotron wave, P_ECRH; (c) heating power from neutral beam injection, P_NBI1L; (d) line-averaged electron density, n_e, and central electron temperature, T_e0; (e) valve voltage of upper outboard gas puff inlet located at window “O”; (f) D_α signal of upper divertor; (g) line emission intensity of CVI (C⁵⁺ at 33.73 Å); (h) line emission intensity of tungsten in unresolved transition array (W-UTA at 45–70 Å); (i) central toroidal rotation velocity, V_t0; (j) asymmetry factor I_u/I_d of line emission intensity for W²⁷⁺ at 51.457 Å, W³²⁺ at 52.2 Å for EAST discharge #93801.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 EAST #93801在t₁ = 2.4—2.6 s (蓝色)、t₂ = 3.6—3.8 s (红色)、t₃ = 5.0—5.2 s (绿色)时间段内钨不同电离态线辐射剖面 (a), (d) W²⁷⁺ 51.457 Å; (b), (e) W³²⁺ 52.2 Å; (c), (f) W⁴⁴⁺ 60.93 Å. (a)—(c)为归一化辐射强度, (d)—(f)为原始光谱强度计数

Figure 4. Vertical profiles of line emission intensity for (a), (d), W²⁷⁺ 51.457 Å; (b), (e), W³²⁺ 52.2 Å; (c), (f) W⁴⁴⁺ 60.93 Å during t₁ = 2.4–2.6 s (blue), t₂ = 3.6–3.8 s (red) and t₃ = 5.0–5.2 s (green) in EAST discharge # 93801. Normalized line intensity I_nor in (a)–(c), and raw line intensity I in (d)—(f) .

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 W³²⁺ 52.2 Å线辐射强度不对称因子I_u/I_d随芯部环向旋转速度V_t0的变化

Figure 5. Asymmetry factor I_u/I_d of line emission intensity for W³²⁺ 52.2 Å as a function of central toroidal rotation velocity, V_t0.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Zhang W M, Zhang L, Cheng Y X, Morita S, Wang Z X, Hu A L, Zhang F L, Duan Y M, Zhou T F, Wang S X 2022 Phys. Scr. 97 045604 Google Scholar
[2]	Van Rooij G J, Coenen J W, Aho-Mantila L, Brezinsek S, Clever M, Dux R, Groth M, Krieger K, Marsen S, Matthews G F, Meigs A, Neu R, Potzel S, Pütterich T, Rapp J, Stamp M F 2013 J. Nucl. Mater. 438 S42 Google Scholar
[3]	Wan B N, Gong X Z, Liang Y, Xiang N, Xu G S, Sun Y, Wang L, Qian J P, Liu H Q, Zhang B, Xia T Y, Huang J, Ding R, Zhang T, Zuo G Z, Sun Z, Zeng L, Zhang X J, Zang Q, Lyu B, Garofalo A M, Li G Q, Li K D, Yang Q Q and for the EAST Team and Collaborators 2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 042010 Google Scholar
[4]	Gao X, Zeng L, Wu M Q, Zhang T, Yang Y, Ming T F, Zhu X, Wang Y M, Liu H Q, Zang Q, Li G Q, Huang J, Gong X Z, Li Y Y, Li J G, Wan Y X and the EAST team 2020 Nucl. Fusion 60 102001 Google Scholar
[5]	Terry J L, Marmar E S, Chen K I, Moos H W 1977 Phys. Rev. Lett. 39 1615.Google Scholar
[6]	Brau K, Suckewer S, Wong S K 1983 Nucl. Fusion 23 1657 Google Scholar
[7]	Rice J E, Reinke M L, Cao N, Hughes J W, Ashbourn J M A, Ernst D R, Hubbard A E, Irby J H 2018 Nucl. Fusion 58 126008 Google Scholar
[8]	Zhang D, Burhenn R, Beidler C D, Feng Y, Thomsen H, Brandt C, Buller S, Reimold F, Hacker P, Laube R, Geiger J, García Regaña J M, Smith H M, König R, Giannone L, Penzel F, Klinger T, Baldzuhn J, Bozhenkov S, Bräuer T, Brunner J K, Buttenschön B, Damm H, Endler M, Effenberg F, Fuchert G, Gao Y, Jakubowski M, Knauer J, Kremeyer T, Krychowiak M, Kwak S, Laqua H P, Langenberg A, Otte M, PablantN, Pasch E, Rahbarnia K, Pavone A, Rudischhauser L, Svensson J, Killer C, Windisch T, the W7-X Team 2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 116043 Google Scholar
[9]	Hinton F L, Hazeltine R D 1976 Rev. Mod. Phys. 48 239 Google Scholar
[10]	Hinton F L, Wong S K 1985 Phys. Fluids 28 3082 Google Scholar
[11]	Wong S K 1987 Phys. Fluids 30 818 Google Scholar
[12]	王文章, 向玲燕, 吴金华, 杨钟时, 丁芳, 王亮, 段艳敏, 胡振华, 毛红敏, 罗广南 2016 核聚变与等离子体物理 36 42 Google Scholar Wang W Z, Xiang L Y, Wu J H, Yang Z S, Ding F, Wang L, Duan Y M, Hu Z H, Mao H M, Luo G N 2016 Nuclear Fusion Plasma Phys. 36 42 Google Scholar
[13]	Zhao L M, Shan J F, Liu F K, Jia H, Wang M, Liu L, Wang X J, Xu H D, the LHCD team 2010 Plasma Sci. Technol. 12 118 Google Scholar
[14]	Xu H D, Wang X J, Liu F K, Zhang J, Huang Y Y, Han J F, Wu D J, Hu H C, Li B, Li M H, Yang Y, Feng J Q, Xu W Y, Tang Y Y, Wei W, Xu L Q, Liu Y, Zhao H L, Lohr J, Gorelov Y A, Anderson J P, Ma W D, Wu Z G, Wang J, Zhang L Y, Guo F, Sun H Z, Yan X S, East Team 2016 Plasma Sci. Technol. 18 442 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhao Y P, Zhang X J, Man Y Z, Yuan S, Xue D Y, Deng X, Wang L, Ju S Q, Cheng Y, Qin C M, Chen G, Lin Y, Li J G, Wan B N, Song Y T, Braun F, Kumazawa R, Wukitch S 2014 Fusion Eng. Des. 89 2642 Google Scholar
[16]	刘成岳, 陈美霞, 吴斌 2017 核聚变与等离子体物理 37 313 Google Scholar Liu C Y, Chen M X, Wu B 2017 Nuclear Fusion Plasma Phys. 37 313 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhang L, Morita S, Xu Z, Wu Z W, Zhang P F, Wu C R, Gao W, Ohishi T, Goto M, Shen J S, Chen Y J, Liu X, Wang Y M, Dong C F, Zhang H M, Huang X L, Gong X Z, Hu L Q, Chen J L, Zhang X D, Wan B N, Li J G 2015 Rev. Sci. Instrum 86 123509 Google Scholar
[18]	Xu Z, Zhang L, Cheng Y X, Morita S, Li L, Zhang W M, Zhang F L, Zhao Z H, Zhou T F, Wu Z W, Lin X D, Gao X, Ding X B, Yang Y, Liu H Q 2021 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 1010 165545 Google Scholar
[19]	Zhang L, Morita S, Wu Z W, Xu Z, Yang X D, Cheng Y X, Zang Q, Liu H Q, Liu Y, Zhang H M, Ohishi T, Chen Y J, Xu L Q, Wu C R, Duan Y M, Gao W, Huang J, Gong X Z, Hu L Q 2019 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 916 169 Google Scholar
[20]	Versloot T W, de Vries P C, Giroud C, Brix M, von Hellermann M G, Lomas P J, Moulton D, Mullane M O', Nunes I M, Salmi A, Tala T, Voitsekhovitch I, Zastrow K D, JET-EFDA Contributors 2011 Plasma. Phys. Control. Fusion 53 065017 Google Scholar
[21]	Angioni C, Helander P 2014 Plasma. Phys. Control. Fusion 56 124001 Google Scholar
[22]	Fülöp T, Helander P 1999 Phys. Plasmas 6 3066 Google Scholar
[23]	Angioni C 2021 Plasma. Phys. Control. Fusion 63 073001 Google Scholar

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