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同轴枪放电可以产生高速度、高密度的等离子体射流, 在天体物理、核物理等研究领域具有广泛的应用. 基于同轴枪放电等离子体运动的“雪犁模型”分析, 本实验通过对等离子体光电信号和磁信号的测量及放电照片的拍摄, 研究了不同放电电流和气压对同轴枪放电等离子体电流片的运动特性、电流通道分布的影响. 实验结果发现: 一次放电过程中, 气压为10 Pa、放电电流为35.7—69.8 kA时, 随着放电电流的增加, 等离子体喷射速度增加, 输运距离与离子携带的轴向动能成正比, 大电流条件下, 等离子体喷出枪口时易于在枪底端形成新的电流通道; 气压为5—40 Pa、放电电流为49.8 kA时, 随着气压的增加, 等离子体喷射速度减小, 输运距离缩短, 高气压下, 等离子体喷出枪口时在枪底端未产生新的放电通道, 这与放电过程中遗留在枪底端的带电粒子和电流片渗漏残留在枪内的中性粒子共同形成的阻抗通道有关; 电流反向时, 二次放电击穿位置发生在电极头部, 放电过程中存在多次放电现象.The coaxial gun discharge, used as plasma jet with high density and velocity, has a wide variety of applications such as plasma space propulsion, simulation experiment of thermal transient events in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, plasma refueling for fusion reactors and a laboratory scale platform for studying astrophysical phenomena. The plasma produced in the coaxial gun can be accelerated by self-induced Lorentz force, and the ionization in the transport process can be based on " snow-plow model” in which a coaxial current sheet moves forward and sweeps a large amount of the gas between two electrodes to cause the plasma dump. Based on the measurements of discharge current, voltage, photocurrent and magnetic signal, the experimental investigation on the characteristics of plasma motion and current sheet channel distribution in the gun operated under different discharge conditions and various pressures is carried out. In this paper, it is emphasized to explore the electrical and dynamic properties about plasma in the first half-cycle of current. The results show that the plasma velocity increases with the increase of the current amplitude, and that the transport distance is proportional to the axial kinetic energy of ions when the pressure is fixed at 10 Pa and discharge current is adjusted from 35.7 kA to 69.8 kA. Moreover, in the case of high current, the plasma jet from the nozzle tends to form a new current path at the bottom of the gun. However, when the discharge current is fixed at 49.8 kA and the gas pressures range from 5 Pa to 40 Pa, the plasma motion velocity and transport distance are continuously reduced. Meanwhile, it is not found that new current paths are generated at the bottom of the coaxial gun under high pressure. The generation of the new current path is relevant to the channel impedance formed by more charged particles left at the bottom of the gun and neutral particles leaking from current sheet during discharge. Besides, a multiple discharge phenomenon is presented in experiment and the secondary discharge breakdown position occurs at the head of the electrode when the current is reversed to a positive value. Therefore, this study provides a reasonable choice of electrical parameters to obtain optimal plasma characteristics during the discharge of the coaxial gun.
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Keywords:
- coaxial gun /
- plasma /
- photocurrent /
- magnetic field
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图 2 电容器充电电压4 kV、氩气气压10 Pa的放电条件下电压、电流及磁场波形
Fig. 2. Waveforms of voltage, current and magnetic field on discharge condition that the charge voltage of capacitor is 4 kV, and the Ar gas pressure is 10 Pa.
图 3 等离子体在喷出枪口25和125 mm处电压、电流及光电流波形
Fig. 3. Waveforms of voltage, current and photocurrent of the plasma when it jets 25 and 125 mm from the gun nozzle.
图 4 放电电流69.8 kA、气压为10 Pa条件下电压、电流及磁场波形
Fig. 4. Oscillogram of the voltage, current and magnetic probe signals recorded at Z = 100 mm on condition that the discharge current is 69.8 kV, and the Ar gas pressure is 10 Pa.
图 5 同轴枪在气压为10 Pa, 电压分别为(a) 3.5, (b) 4, (c) 6, (d) 7 kV放电条件下的电压、电流、磁场及光电流波形
Fig. 5. Waveforms of voltage, current, magnetic field and photocurrent for coaxial gun discharge at the pressure 10 Pa with different voltage (a) 3.5, (b) 4, (c) 6, (d) 7 kV.
图 6 气压为10 Pa时不同放电电流下等离子体理论速度与实验速度对比
Fig. 6. Theoretical and experimental velocity of the plasma versus current at a pressure of 10 Pa.
图 7 同轴枪在气压10 Pa、电流I = 39.2和69.8 kA条件下的放电照片
Fig. 7. Photographs for coaxial gun discharge with the pressure of 10 Pa at different current I = 39.2, 69.8 kA.
图 8 同轴枪在电流49.8 kA, 气压分别为(a) 5, (b) 10, (c) 25, (d) 40 Pa放电条件下的电压、电流、磁场及光电流波形
Fig. 8. Waveforms of voltage, current, magnetic field and photocurrent for coaxial gun discharge at the current 49.8 kA with different pressure (a) 5, (b) 10, (c) 25, (d) 40 Pa.
图 9 电流为49.8 kA, 不同气压下等离子体理论速度与实验速度对比
Fig. 9. Theoretical and experimental velocity of the plasma versus pressure at the discharge current of 49.8 kA.
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[1] Case A, Messer S, Brockington S, Wu L, Witherspoon F D, Elton R 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 012704
Google Scholar
[2] Ticos C M, Wang Z, Wurden G A, Kline J L, Montgomery D S 2008 Phys. Plasmas 15 103701
Google Scholar
[3] Messer S, Case A, Bomgardner R, Phillips M, Witherspoon F D 2009 Phys. Plasmas 16 064502
Google Scholar
[4] Asai T, Itagaki H, Numasawa H, Terashima Y, Hirano Y, Hirose A 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 10E119
Google Scholar
[5] Paganucci F, Zuin M, Agostini M, Andrenucci M, Antoni V, Bagatin M, Bonomo F, Cavazzana R, Franz P, Marrelli L, Martin P, Martines E, Rossetti P, Serianni G, Scarin P, Signori M, Spizzo G 2008 Plasma Phys. Contr. F. 50 124010
Google Scholar
[6] Poehlmann F, Gascon N, Thomas C, Cappelli N 2006 42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit Sacramento, USA, July 9−12, 2006 p5157
[7] Kikuchi Y, Nakanishi R, Nakatsuka M, Fukumoto N, Nagata M 2010 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38 232
Google Scholar
[8] Matsumoto T, Sekiguchi J, Asai T, Gota H, Garate E, Allfrey I, Valentine T, Morehouse M, Roche T, Kinley J, Aefsky S, Cordero M, Waggoner W, Binderbauer M, Tajima T 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 053512
Google Scholar
[9] Kikuchi Y, Sakuma I, Iwamoto D, Kitagawa Y, Fukumoto N, Nagata M, Uedaet Y 2013 J. Nucl. Mater. 438 S715
Google Scholar
[10] Nagata M, Kikuchi Y, Fukumoto N 2009 IEE J. Trans. Electric. Electron. Eng. 4 518
Google Scholar
[11] Klimov N, Podkovyrov V, Zhitlukhin A, Kovalenko D, Linke J, Pintsuk G, Landman I, Pestchanyi S, Bazylev B, Janeschitz G, Loarte A, Merola M, Hirai T, Federici G, Riccardi B, Mazul I, Giniyatulin R, Khimchenko L, Koidan V 2011 J. Nucl. Mater. 415 S59
Google Scholar
[12] Parks P B 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 1364
Google Scholar
[13] Voronin A V, Gusev V K, Petrov Y V, Sakharov N V, Abramova K B, Sklyarova E M, Tolstyakov S Y 2005 Nucl. Fusion 45 1039
Google Scholar
[14] Voronin A V, Gusev V K, Petrov Y V, Mukhin E E, Tolstyakov S Y, Kurskiev G S, Kochergin M M, HellblomK G 2008 Nukleonika 53 103
[15] Underwood T C, Loebner T K, Cappelli M A 2017 High Energ. Dens. Phys. 23 73
Google Scholar
[16] Butler T D, Henins I, Jahoda F C, Marshall J, Morse R L 1969 Phys. Fluids 12 1904
Google Scholar
[17] Hart P J 1964 J. Appl. Phys. 35 3425
Google Scholar
[18] 高著秀, 冯春华, 杨宣宗, 黄建国, 韩建伟 2012 物理学报 61 145201
Google Scholar
Gao Z X, Feng C H, Yang X Z, Huang J G, Han J W 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 145201
Google Scholar
[19] 张俊龙, 杨亮, 闫慧杰, 滑跃, 任春生 2015 物理学报 64 075201
Google Scholar
Zhang J L, Yang L, Yan H J, Hua Y, Ren C S 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 075201
Google Scholar
[20] 刘帅, 黄易之, 郭海山, 张永鹏, 杨兰均 2018 物理学报 67 065201
Google Scholar
Liu S, Huang Y Z, Guo H S, Zhang Y P, Yang L J 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 065201
Google Scholar
[21] Pert G J 1968 J. Appl. Phys. 39 4215
Google Scholar
[22] Bruzzone H, Martínez J F 2001 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 10 471
Google Scholar
[23] Al-Hawat S 2004 IEEE T. Plasma Sci. 32 764
Google Scholar
[24] Chow S P, Lee S, Tan B C 1972 J. Plasma Phys. 1 21
Google Scholar
[25] Mathuthu M, Zengeni T G, Gholap A V 1996 Phys. Plasmas 3 4572
Google Scholar
[26] 杨亮, 张俊龙, 闫慧杰, 滑跃, 任春生 2017 物理学报 66 055203
Google Scholar
Yang L, Zhang J L, Yan H J, Hua Y, Ren C S 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 055203
Google Scholar
[27] Wiechula J, Hock C, Iberler M, Manegold T, Schönlein A, Jacoby J 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 043516
Google Scholar
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