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In the moist lower troposphere, traditional phase-locked loop tracking of GPS (Global Position System) signal will introduce errors in the retrieved results. Both internal and external method can be used to remove navigation data modulation (NDM) and accurately recover the phase of GPS signals recorded in open-loop mode. The internal method removes the NDM using relationship between adjacent samples, while the external method removes the NDM using the externally recorded NDM bit data. Both above-mentioned methods are used to process the constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere and climate (COSMIC) radio occultation data. COSMIC case study shows that internal method may include half-cycle slip in the recovered phase, which will lead to error in the retrieved refractivity. About 3130 COSMIC radio occultation soundings recorded in open-loop mode are processed by the internal and external method, and statistical comparison results of retrieved refractivity with that from the European Centre for medium-range weather forecasts (ECMWF) analyses show that the external method has a better penetration ability than the internal method in the lower moist troposphere. The mean of fractional difference in refractivity retrieved by external method is smaller than that by internal method below about 3 km.
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Keywords:
- radio occultation /
- open-loop mode /
- internal method /
- external method
[1] Rocken C, Anthes R, Exner M, Hunt D, Sokolovskiy S, Ware R, Gorbunov M, Schreiner W, Feng D, Herman B, Kuo Y H, Zou X 1997 J. Geophys. Res. 102 29849
[2] Ao C O, Meehan T K, Hajj G A, Mannucci A J, Beyerle G 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108 4577
[3] Hajj G A, Ao C O, Iijima B A, Kuang D, Kursinski E R, Mannucci A J, Meehan T K, Romans L J, Juarez M D L T, Yunck T P 2004 J. Geophys. Res. 109 D06109
[4] Kuo Y H, Wee T K, Sokolovskiy S, Rocken C, Schreiner W, Hunt D, Anthes R A 2004 J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 82 507
[5] Xu X S, Guo P, Huang S X, Xiang J 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 099202 (in Chinese) [徐贤胜, 郭 鹏, 黄思训,项杰 2011 物理学报 60 099202]
[6] Sokolovskiy S, Rocken C, Schreiner W, Hunt D, Johnson J 2009 Radio Sci. 44 RS2002
[7] Sokolovskiy S 2001 Radio Sci. 36 483
[8] Ao C O, Hajj G A, Meehan T K, Dong D, Iijima B A, Mannucci A J, Kursinski E R 2009 J. Geophys. Res. 114 D04101
[9] Sokolovskiy S, Rocken C, Hunt D, Schreiner W, Johnson J, Masters D, Esterhuizen S 2006 Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 L14816
[10] Hu X, Liou Y A, Gong X Y, Qiu Z J, Ye W H, Wang X, Wu X C, Xiao C Y, Xu L 2009 Chines J. Geophys. 52 2195 (in Chinese) [胡 雄, 刘说安, 宫晓艳, 丘增杰, 叶文豪, 王 鑫, 吴小成, 肖存英, 徐 丽 2009 地球物理学报 52 2195]
[11] Sokolovskiy S, Kuo Y H, Rocken C, Schreiner W, Hunt D, Anthes R A 2006 Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 L12813
[12] Guo P, Kuo Y H, Sokolovskiy S, Lenschow D H 2011 J. Atmos. Sci. 68 1703
[13] Lohmann M S 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 D09115
[14] Jensen A S, Lohmann M S, Benzon H H, Nielsen A S 2003 Radio Sci. 38 1040
[15] Xu X S, Hong Z J, Guo P, Liu R J 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 592157 (in Chinese) [徐贤胜, 洪振杰, 郭 鹏, 刘荣建 2010 物理学报 59 2157]
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[1] Rocken C, Anthes R, Exner M, Hunt D, Sokolovskiy S, Ware R, Gorbunov M, Schreiner W, Feng D, Herman B, Kuo Y H, Zou X 1997 J. Geophys. Res. 102 29849
[2] Ao C O, Meehan T K, Hajj G A, Mannucci A J, Beyerle G 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108 4577
[3] Hajj G A, Ao C O, Iijima B A, Kuang D, Kursinski E R, Mannucci A J, Meehan T K, Romans L J, Juarez M D L T, Yunck T P 2004 J. Geophys. Res. 109 D06109
[4] Kuo Y H, Wee T K, Sokolovskiy S, Rocken C, Schreiner W, Hunt D, Anthes R A 2004 J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 82 507
[5] Xu X S, Guo P, Huang S X, Xiang J 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 099202 (in Chinese) [徐贤胜, 郭 鹏, 黄思训,项杰 2011 物理学报 60 099202]
[6] Sokolovskiy S, Rocken C, Schreiner W, Hunt D, Johnson J 2009 Radio Sci. 44 RS2002
[7] Sokolovskiy S 2001 Radio Sci. 36 483
[8] Ao C O, Hajj G A, Meehan T K, Dong D, Iijima B A, Mannucci A J, Kursinski E R 2009 J. Geophys. Res. 114 D04101
[9] Sokolovskiy S, Rocken C, Hunt D, Schreiner W, Johnson J, Masters D, Esterhuizen S 2006 Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 L14816
[10] Hu X, Liou Y A, Gong X Y, Qiu Z J, Ye W H, Wang X, Wu X C, Xiao C Y, Xu L 2009 Chines J. Geophys. 52 2195 (in Chinese) [胡 雄, 刘说安, 宫晓艳, 丘增杰, 叶文豪, 王 鑫, 吴小成, 肖存英, 徐 丽 2009 地球物理学报 52 2195]
[11] Sokolovskiy S, Kuo Y H, Rocken C, Schreiner W, Hunt D, Anthes R A 2006 Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 L12813
[12] Guo P, Kuo Y H, Sokolovskiy S, Lenschow D H 2011 J. Atmos. Sci. 68 1703
[13] Lohmann M S 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 D09115
[14] Jensen A S, Lohmann M S, Benzon H H, Nielsen A S 2003 Radio Sci. 38 1040
[15] Xu X S, Hong Z J, Guo P, Liu R J 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 592157 (in Chinese) [徐贤胜, 洪振杰, 郭 鹏, 刘荣建 2010 物理学报 59 2157]
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