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Model of a heat transfer process in heat exchanger with heat leakage is established in this paper. Both the heat flux between the hot and cold fluids and the heat leakage between the cold fluid and outside environment are assumed to obey Newtonian heat transfer law. On condition that the net amount of heat transferred by the cold fluid is given, the optimal temperature configurations of the hot and cold fluids for the minimum entransy dissipation of the heat transfer process are derived by using the optimal control theory. Optimal paths are also compared with the conventional strategies of heat transfer under constant hot fluid temperature and constant heat flux rate operation. The results obtained in this paper could provide some theoretical guidelines for the optimal design and operation of real heat exchangers.
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Keywords:
- heat exchanger /
- heat leakage /
- entransy dissipation /
- finite time thermodynamics
[1] Andresen B, Salamon P, Berry R S 1984 Phys. Today 37 62
[2] Bejan A 1996 J. Appl. Phys. 79 1191
[3] Chen L G, Sun F R, Wu C 1998 Prog. Phys. 18 393 (in Chinese) [陈林根, 孙丰瑞, Wu C 1998 物理学进展 18 393]
[4] Chen L G, Wu C, Sun F R 1999 J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 24 237
[5] Chen L G 2005 Finite Time Thermodynamic Analysis of Irreversible Processes and Cycles (Beijing: Higher Education Press) (in Chinese) [陈林根 2005 不可逆过程和循环的有限时间热力学分析 (北京: 高等教育出版社)]
[6] He J Z, Wang L, Li J B 2005 Acta Phys. Sin. 54 24 (in Chinese) [何济洲, 王磊, 李俊彬 2005 物理学报 54 24]
[7] Wu F, Chen L G, Sun F R, Yu J Y 2008 Finite Time Thermodynamic Optimization for Stirling Machines (Beijing: Chemical Industry Press) (in Chinese) [吴锋, 陈林根, 孙丰瑞, 喻九阳 2008 斯特林机的有限时间热力学优化 (北京: 化学工业出版社)]
[8] Sieniutycz S, Jezowski J 2009 Energy Optimization in Process Systems (Oxford: Elsevier)
[9] He J Z, He B X 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2345 (in Chinese) [何济洲, 贺兵香 2010 物理学报 59 2345]
[10] Andresen B 2011 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 2690
[11] Tu Z C 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 020513
[12] Wang J H, Xiong S Q, He J Z, Liu J T 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 080509 (in Chinese) [王建辉, 熊双泉, 何济洲, 刘江涛 2012 物理学报 61 080509]
[13] Cheng H T, He J Z, Xiao Y L 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 010502 (in Chinese) [程海涛, 何济洲, 肖宇玲 2012 物理学报 61 010502]
[14] Li J, Chen L G, Ge Y L, Sun F R 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 130501 (in Chinese)[李俊, 陈林根, 戈延林, 孙丰瑞 2013 物理学报 62 130501]
[15] Bejan A 1977 Trans. ASME J. Heat Transfer. 99 374
[16] Bejan A 1980 Energy 5 720
[17] Linetskii S B, Tsirlin A M 1988 Therm. Eng. 35 593
[18] Andresen B, Gordon J M 1992 J. Appl. Phys. 71 76
[19] Badescu V 2004 J. Phys. D 37 2298
[20] Nummedal L, Kjelstrup S 2001 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 44 2827
[21] Johannessen E, Nummedal L, Kjelstrup S 2002 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 2649
[22] Balkan F 2003 Int. J. Energy Res. 27 1003
[23] Balkan F 2005 Energy Convers. Manage. 46 2134
[24] Andresen B, Gordon J M 1992 Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 13 294
[25] Badescu V 2004 J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 29 53
[26] Xia S J, Chen L G, Sun F R 2009 Brazilian J. Phys. 39 98
[27] Chen L G, Xia S J, Sun F R 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 105 044907
[28] Bejan A 1996 Entropy Generation Minimization (Boca Raton: CRC Press) p369
[29] Xu Z M, Yang S R, Chen Z Q 1995 J. Chem. Ind. Eng. 46 75 (in Chinese) [徐志明, 扬善让, 陈钟颀 1995 化工学报 46 75]
[30] Hesselgreaves J E 2000 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 43 4189
[31] Shah R K, Skiepko T 2004 Trans. ASME J. Heat Transfer 126 994
[32] Guo Z Y, Li Z X, Zhou S Q 1996 Sci. China E 39 68
[33] Guo Z Y, Zhou S Q, Li Z X, Chen L G 2002 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 2119
[34] Guo Z Y, Wei S, Cheng X G 2004 Chin. Sci. Bull. 49 111
[35] Guo Z Y, Liang X G, Zhu H Y 2006 Prog. Nat. Sci. 16 1288 (in Chinese) [过增元, 梁新刚, 朱宏晔 2006 自然科学进展 16 1288]
[36] Guo Z Y 2008 J. Eng. Thermophys. 29 112 (in Chinese) [过增元 2008 工程热物理学报 29 112]
[37] Guo Z Y, Cheng X G, Xia Z Z 2003 Chin. Sci. Bull. 48 406
[38] Li Z X, Guo Z Y 2010 Field Synergy Theory for Convective Heat Transfer Optimization (Beijing: Science Press) (in Chinese) [李志信,过增元 2010 对流传热优化的场协同理论 (北京: 科学出版社)]
[39] Li Z X, Guo Z Y 2011 Adv. Transp. Phenom. 2 1
[40] Chen L G 2012 Chin. Sci. Bull. 57 4404
[41] Chen Q, Liang X G, Guo Z Y 2013 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 63 65
[42] Guo Z Y, Zhu H Y, Liang X G 2007 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 50 2545
[43] Hu G J, Guo Z Y 2011 J. Eng. Thermophys. 32 1005 (in Chinese) [胡帼杰, 过增元 2011 工程热物理学报 32 1005]
[44] Cheng X T, Liang X G, Xu X H 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 060512 (in Chinese) [程雪涛, 梁新刚, 徐向华 2011 物理学报 60 060512]
[45] Cheng X T, Xu X H, Liang X G 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 118103 (in Chinese) [程雪涛, 徐向华, 梁新刚 2011 物理学报 60 118103]
[46] Cheng X T, Dong Y, Liang X G 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 114402 (in Chinese) [程雪涛, 董源, 梁新刚 2011 物理学报 60 114402]
[47] Xia S J, Chen L G, Ge Y L, Sun F R 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 180202 (in Chinese) [夏少军, 陈林根, 戈延林, 孙丰瑞 2013 物理学报 62 180202]
[48] Cheng X G, Meng J A, Guo Z Y 2005 J. Eng. Thermophys. 26 1034 (in Chinese) [程新广, 孟继安, 过增元 2005 工程热物理学报 26 1034]
[49] Han G Z, Guo Z Y 2006 J. Eng. Thermophys. 27 811 (in Chinese) [韩光泽, 过增元 2006 工程热物理学报 27 811]
[50] Ge L, Xu M T, Cheng L 2011 J. Eng. Thermophys. 32 993 (in Chinese) [葛亮, 许明田, 程林 2011 工程热物理学报 32 993]
[51] Chen L G, Feng H J, Xie Z H, Sun F R 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 134401 (in Chinese) [陈林根, 冯辉君, 谢志辉, 孙丰瑞 2013 物理学报 62 134401]
[52] Chen Q, Ren J X 2008 Chin. Sci. Bull. 53 3753
[53] Wang S, Chen Q, Zhang B 2009 Chin. Sci. Bull. 54 3572
[54] Liu W, Liu Z C, Jia H, Fan A W, Nakayama A 2011 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 54 3049
[55] Chen Q, Zhu H Y, Pan N, Guo Z 2011 Proc. R. Soc. A 467 1012
[56] Yuan F, Chen Q 2011 Energy 36 5476
[57] Jia H, Liu W, Liu Z C 2012 Chem. Eng. Sci. 69 225
[58] Cheng X T, Zhang Q Z, Xu X H, Liang X G 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 02503
[59] Feng H J, Chen L G, Xie Z H, Sun F R 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 134703 (in Chinese) [冯辉君, 陈林根, 谢志辉, 孙丰瑞 2013 物理学报 62 134703]
[60] Wu J, Liang X G 2008 Sci. China E 51 1306
[61] Cheng X T, Xu X H, Liang X G 2010 J. Eng. Thermophys. 31 1031 (in Chinese) [程雪涛, 徐向华, 梁新刚 2010 工程热物理学报 31 1031]
[62] Cheng X T, Liang X G 2012 J. Eng. Thermophys. 33 311 (in Chinese) [程雪涛, 梁新刚 2012 工程热物理学报 33 311]
[63] Wu J, Cheng X T 2013 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 58 374
[64] Zhou B, Cheng X T, Liang X G 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 084401
[65] Xia S J, Chen L G, Sun F R 2010 Sci. China: Tech. Sci. 53 960
[66] Chen Q, Ren J X 2007 J. Eng. Thermophys. 28 505 (in Chinese) [陈群, 任建勋 2007 工程热物理学报 28 505]
[67] Chen Q, Meng J A 2008 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 51 2863
[68] Chen L, Chen Q, Li Z, Guo Z Y 2010 Chin. Sci. Bull. 55 1445
[69] Jiang Y, Xie X Y, Liu X H 2011 Heat. Vent. Air Cond. 41 51 (in Chinese) [江亿, 谢晓云, 刘晓华 2011 暖通空调 41 51]
[70] Yuan F, Chen Q 2012 Chin. Sci. Bull. 57 687
[71] Zhang T, Liu X H, Zhang L, Jiang Y 2012 Energy Convers. Manage. 59 103
[72] Chen L G 2013 J. Naval Univ. Eng. 25 1 (in Chinese) [陈林根 2013 海军工程大学学报 25 1]
[73] Song W M, Meng J A, Liang X G, Li Z X 2008 J. Chem. Ind. Eng. 59 2460 (in Chinese) [宋伟明, 孟继安, 梁新刚, 李志信 2008 化工学报 59 2460]
[74] Liu X B, Meng J A, Guo Z Y 2009 Chin. Sci. Bull. 54 943
[75] Liu X B, Guo Z Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 4766 (in Chinese) [柳雄斌, 过增元 2009 物理学报 58 4766]
[76] Guo Z Y, Liu X B, Tao W Q, Shah R K 2010 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 53 2877
[77] Xia S J, Chen L G, Sun F R 2009 Chin. Sci. Bull. 54 3587
[78] Xia S J, Chen L G, Sun F R 2010 Appl. Math. Model. 34 2242
[79] Guo J F, Cheng L, Xu M T 2009 Chin. Sci. Bull. 54 2708
[80] Guo J F, Xu M T, Cheng L 2010 Sci. China: Tech. Sci. 53 1309
[81] Guo J F, Xu M T, Cheng L 2011 Chin. Sci. Bull. 56 2071
[82] Cheng X T, Zhang Q Z, Liang X G 2012 Appl. Therm. Eng. 38 31
[83] Cheng X T, Liang X G 2012 Energy Convers. Manage. 58 163
[84] Cheng X T, Liang X G 2012 Energy 46 386
[85] Guo J F, Huai X L 2012 Energy 43 355
[86] Guo J F, Huai X L 2012 Energy 41 335
[87] Xu Y C, Chen Q 2012 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 55 5148
[88] Cheng X T, Liang X G 2012 Energy 44 964
[89] Cheng X T, Wang W H, Liang X G 2012 Sci. China: Tech. Sci. 55 2847
[90] Zhou B, Cheng X T, Liang X G 2013 Sci. China: Tech. Sci. 56 228
[91] Sun C, Cheng X T, Liang X G 2013 J. Engng. Thermophys. 34 914 (in Chinese) [孙晨, 程雪涛, 梁新刚 2013 工程热物理学报 34 914]
[92] Wang W H, Cheng X T, Liang X G 2013 Energy Convers. Manage. 68 82
[93] Cheng X T, Liang X G 2012 Energy 47 421
[94] Zhou B, Cheng X T, Liang X G 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 124904
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[1] Andresen B, Salamon P, Berry R S 1984 Phys. Today 37 62
[2] Bejan A 1996 J. Appl. Phys. 79 1191
[3] Chen L G, Sun F R, Wu C 1998 Prog. Phys. 18 393 (in Chinese) [陈林根, 孙丰瑞, Wu C 1998 物理学进展 18 393]
[4] Chen L G, Wu C, Sun F R 1999 J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 24 237
[5] Chen L G 2005 Finite Time Thermodynamic Analysis of Irreversible Processes and Cycles (Beijing: Higher Education Press) (in Chinese) [陈林根 2005 不可逆过程和循环的有限时间热力学分析 (北京: 高等教育出版社)]
[6] He J Z, Wang L, Li J B 2005 Acta Phys. Sin. 54 24 (in Chinese) [何济洲, 王磊, 李俊彬 2005 物理学报 54 24]
[7] Wu F, Chen L G, Sun F R, Yu J Y 2008 Finite Time Thermodynamic Optimization for Stirling Machines (Beijing: Chemical Industry Press) (in Chinese) [吴锋, 陈林根, 孙丰瑞, 喻九阳 2008 斯特林机的有限时间热力学优化 (北京: 化学工业出版社)]
[8] Sieniutycz S, Jezowski J 2009 Energy Optimization in Process Systems (Oxford: Elsevier)
[9] He J Z, He B X 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2345 (in Chinese) [何济洲, 贺兵香 2010 物理学报 59 2345]
[10] Andresen B 2011 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 2690
[11] Tu Z C 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 020513
[12] Wang J H, Xiong S Q, He J Z, Liu J T 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 080509 (in Chinese) [王建辉, 熊双泉, 何济洲, 刘江涛 2012 物理学报 61 080509]
[13] Cheng H T, He J Z, Xiao Y L 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 010502 (in Chinese) [程海涛, 何济洲, 肖宇玲 2012 物理学报 61 010502]
[14] Li J, Chen L G, Ge Y L, Sun F R 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 130501 (in Chinese)[李俊, 陈林根, 戈延林, 孙丰瑞 2013 物理学报 62 130501]
[15] Bejan A 1977 Trans. ASME J. Heat Transfer. 99 374
[16] Bejan A 1980 Energy 5 720
[17] Linetskii S B, Tsirlin A M 1988 Therm. Eng. 35 593
[18] Andresen B, Gordon J M 1992 J. Appl. Phys. 71 76
[19] Badescu V 2004 J. Phys. D 37 2298
[20] Nummedal L, Kjelstrup S 2001 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 44 2827
[21] Johannessen E, Nummedal L, Kjelstrup S 2002 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 2649
[22] Balkan F 2003 Int. J. Energy Res. 27 1003
[23] Balkan F 2005 Energy Convers. Manage. 46 2134
[24] Andresen B, Gordon J M 1992 Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 13 294
[25] Badescu V 2004 J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 29 53
[26] Xia S J, Chen L G, Sun F R 2009 Brazilian J. Phys. 39 98
[27] Chen L G, Xia S J, Sun F R 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 105 044907
[28] Bejan A 1996 Entropy Generation Minimization (Boca Raton: CRC Press) p369
[29] Xu Z M, Yang S R, Chen Z Q 1995 J. Chem. Ind. Eng. 46 75 (in Chinese) [徐志明, 扬善让, 陈钟颀 1995 化工学报 46 75]
[30] Hesselgreaves J E 2000 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 43 4189
[31] Shah R K, Skiepko T 2004 Trans. ASME J. Heat Transfer 126 994
[32] Guo Z Y, Li Z X, Zhou S Q 1996 Sci. China E 39 68
[33] Guo Z Y, Zhou S Q, Li Z X, Chen L G 2002 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 2119
[34] Guo Z Y, Wei S, Cheng X G 2004 Chin. Sci. Bull. 49 111
[35] Guo Z Y, Liang X G, Zhu H Y 2006 Prog. Nat. Sci. 16 1288 (in Chinese) [过增元, 梁新刚, 朱宏晔 2006 自然科学进展 16 1288]
[36] Guo Z Y 2008 J. Eng. Thermophys. 29 112 (in Chinese) [过增元 2008 工程热物理学报 29 112]
[37] Guo Z Y, Cheng X G, Xia Z Z 2003 Chin. Sci. Bull. 48 406
[38] Li Z X, Guo Z Y 2010 Field Synergy Theory for Convective Heat Transfer Optimization (Beijing: Science Press) (in Chinese) [李志信,过增元 2010 对流传热优化的场协同理论 (北京: 科学出版社)]
[39] Li Z X, Guo Z Y 2011 Adv. Transp. Phenom. 2 1
[40] Chen L G 2012 Chin. Sci. Bull. 57 4404
[41] Chen Q, Liang X G, Guo Z Y 2013 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 63 65
[42] Guo Z Y, Zhu H Y, Liang X G 2007 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 50 2545
[43] Hu G J, Guo Z Y 2011 J. Eng. Thermophys. 32 1005 (in Chinese) [胡帼杰, 过增元 2011 工程热物理学报 32 1005]
[44] Cheng X T, Liang X G, Xu X H 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 060512 (in Chinese) [程雪涛, 梁新刚, 徐向华 2011 物理学报 60 060512]
[45] Cheng X T, Xu X H, Liang X G 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 118103 (in Chinese) [程雪涛, 徐向华, 梁新刚 2011 物理学报 60 118103]
[46] Cheng X T, Dong Y, Liang X G 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 114402 (in Chinese) [程雪涛, 董源, 梁新刚 2011 物理学报 60 114402]
[47] Xia S J, Chen L G, Ge Y L, Sun F R 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 180202 (in Chinese) [夏少军, 陈林根, 戈延林, 孙丰瑞 2013 物理学报 62 180202]
[48] Cheng X G, Meng J A, Guo Z Y 2005 J. Eng. Thermophys. 26 1034 (in Chinese) [程新广, 孟继安, 过增元 2005 工程热物理学报 26 1034]
[49] Han G Z, Guo Z Y 2006 J. Eng. Thermophys. 27 811 (in Chinese) [韩光泽, 过增元 2006 工程热物理学报 27 811]
[50] Ge L, Xu M T, Cheng L 2011 J. Eng. Thermophys. 32 993 (in Chinese) [葛亮, 许明田, 程林 2011 工程热物理学报 32 993]
[51] Chen L G, Feng H J, Xie Z H, Sun F R 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 134401 (in Chinese) [陈林根, 冯辉君, 谢志辉, 孙丰瑞 2013 物理学报 62 134401]
[52] Chen Q, Ren J X 2008 Chin. Sci. Bull. 53 3753
[53] Wang S, Chen Q, Zhang B 2009 Chin. Sci. Bull. 54 3572
[54] Liu W, Liu Z C, Jia H, Fan A W, Nakayama A 2011 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 54 3049
[55] Chen Q, Zhu H Y, Pan N, Guo Z 2011 Proc. R. Soc. A 467 1012
[56] Yuan F, Chen Q 2011 Energy 36 5476
[57] Jia H, Liu W, Liu Z C 2012 Chem. Eng. Sci. 69 225
[58] Cheng X T, Zhang Q Z, Xu X H, Liang X G 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 02503
[59] Feng H J, Chen L G, Xie Z H, Sun F R 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 134703 (in Chinese) [冯辉君, 陈林根, 谢志辉, 孙丰瑞 2013 物理学报 62 134703]
[60] Wu J, Liang X G 2008 Sci. China E 51 1306
[61] Cheng X T, Xu X H, Liang X G 2010 J. Eng. Thermophys. 31 1031 (in Chinese) [程雪涛, 徐向华, 梁新刚 2010 工程热物理学报 31 1031]
[62] Cheng X T, Liang X G 2012 J. Eng. Thermophys. 33 311 (in Chinese) [程雪涛, 梁新刚 2012 工程热物理学报 33 311]
[63] Wu J, Cheng X T 2013 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 58 374
[64] Zhou B, Cheng X T, Liang X G 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 084401
[65] Xia S J, Chen L G, Sun F R 2010 Sci. China: Tech. Sci. 53 960
[66] Chen Q, Ren J X 2007 J. Eng. Thermophys. 28 505 (in Chinese) [陈群, 任建勋 2007 工程热物理学报 28 505]
[67] Chen Q, Meng J A 2008 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 51 2863
[68] Chen L, Chen Q, Li Z, Guo Z Y 2010 Chin. Sci. Bull. 55 1445
[69] Jiang Y, Xie X Y, Liu X H 2011 Heat. Vent. Air Cond. 41 51 (in Chinese) [江亿, 谢晓云, 刘晓华 2011 暖通空调 41 51]
[70] Yuan F, Chen Q 2012 Chin. Sci. Bull. 57 687
[71] Zhang T, Liu X H, Zhang L, Jiang Y 2012 Energy Convers. Manage. 59 103
[72] Chen L G 2013 J. Naval Univ. Eng. 25 1 (in Chinese) [陈林根 2013 海军工程大学学报 25 1]
[73] Song W M, Meng J A, Liang X G, Li Z X 2008 J. Chem. Ind. Eng. 59 2460 (in Chinese) [宋伟明, 孟继安, 梁新刚, 李志信 2008 化工学报 59 2460]
[74] Liu X B, Meng J A, Guo Z Y 2009 Chin. Sci. Bull. 54 943
[75] Liu X B, Guo Z Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 4766 (in Chinese) [柳雄斌, 过增元 2009 物理学报 58 4766]
[76] Guo Z Y, Liu X B, Tao W Q, Shah R K 2010 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 53 2877
[77] Xia S J, Chen L G, Sun F R 2009 Chin. Sci. Bull. 54 3587
[78] Xia S J, Chen L G, Sun F R 2010 Appl. Math. Model. 34 2242
[79] Guo J F, Cheng L, Xu M T 2009 Chin. Sci. Bull. 54 2708
[80] Guo J F, Xu M T, Cheng L 2010 Sci. China: Tech. Sci. 53 1309
[81] Guo J F, Xu M T, Cheng L 2011 Chin. Sci. Bull. 56 2071
[82] Cheng X T, Zhang Q Z, Liang X G 2012 Appl. Therm. Eng. 38 31
[83] Cheng X T, Liang X G 2012 Energy Convers. Manage. 58 163
[84] Cheng X T, Liang X G 2012 Energy 46 386
[85] Guo J F, Huai X L 2012 Energy 43 355
[86] Guo J F, Huai X L 2012 Energy 41 335
[87] Xu Y C, Chen Q 2012 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 55 5148
[88] Cheng X T, Liang X G 2012 Energy 44 964
[89] Cheng X T, Wang W H, Liang X G 2012 Sci. China: Tech. Sci. 55 2847
[90] Zhou B, Cheng X T, Liang X G 2013 Sci. China: Tech. Sci. 56 228
[91] Sun C, Cheng X T, Liang X G 2013 J. Engng. Thermophys. 34 914 (in Chinese) [孙晨, 程雪涛, 梁新刚 2013 工程热物理学报 34 914]
[92] Wang W H, Cheng X T, Liang X G 2013 Energy Convers. Manage. 68 82
[93] Cheng X T, Liang X G 2012 Energy 47 421
[94] Zhou B, Cheng X T, Liang X G 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 124904
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