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A rapid atomic beam of rubidium (87Rb) is produced by two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (2D MOT), and then trapped by three-dimensional magneto-optical trap (3D MOT) with high vacuum for further cooling. After a process of optical molasses cooling, atoms are reloaded into a magnetic trap, where radio frequency (RF) evaporation cooling is implemented. The precooled atoms in the magnetic trap are then transferred into a far detuning optical dipole trap, where Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) appears by further evaporation cooling. The 3D MOT is loaded to its maximum within 25 s and then BEC is prepared in 16 s. Due to the linear intensity of magnetic trap, the frequency can be scanned fast in the RF evaporation cooling process. In our experiment, the frequency scans from 39 MHz to 15 MHz in 6 s and then scans to 2 MHz in 5 s. The number of atoms in 3D MOT is about 11010, and there are 5105 atoms in the BEC after a succession of cooling processes. To optimize the performances of 2D MOT, a special light path is constructed. And prisms with high reflectivity are used to reduce the imbalance between opposite propagating cooling +beams. Furthermore, quarter-wave plates are used to keep the polarization state of the cooling beam when reflected by prisms or mirrors. The atoms are cooled to a temperature about 15 K in the magnetic trap by RF evaporation. In such a low temperature, the loss of magnetic trap (Majorana loss) will prevent the atoms from reaching a high density, and the atoms cannot be cooled further. To reduce the loss rate of the magnetic trap, the far blue detuning light (532 nm, 18 W) is added to plug the zero point of the magnetic trap. In the optically plugged magnetic trap, atoms with high density are cooled down enough, which gives a good start for the loading of optical dipole trap.
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Keywords:
- two-dimensional magneto-optical trap /
- quadruple magnetic trap /
- Majorana loss /
- Bose-Einstein condensates
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[3] Kennedy C J, Burton W C, Chung W C, Ketterle W 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 859
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[11] Anderson M H, Ensher J R, Matthews M R, Wieman C E, Cornell E A 1995 Science 269 198
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[18] Bakr W S, Peng A, Tai M E, Ma R, Simon J, Gillen J I, Flling S, Pollet L, Greiner M 2010 Science 329 547
[19] Hofferberth S, Lesanovsky I, Fischer B, Schumm T, Schmiedmayer J 2007 Nature 449 324
[20] Fan H, Wang P J, Zhang J 2015 Acta Sin. Quantum Opt. 21 351 (in Chinese) [樊浩, 王鹏军, 张靖 2015 量子光学学报 21 351]
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[23] Inouye S, Andrews M R, Stenger J, Miesner H J, Stamper-Kurn D M, Ketterle W 1998 Nature 392 151
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[25] Olf R, Fang F, Marti G E, Macrae A, Stamper-Kurn D M 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 720
[26] Bakr W S, Gillen J I, Peng A, Flling S, Greiner M 2009 Nature 462 74
[27] Xie D Z, Bu W H, Yan B 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 053701
[28] Deng S J, Shi Z Y, Diao P P, Yu Q L, Zhai H, Qi R, Wu H B 2016 Science 353 371
[29] Chen Y A, Huber S D, Trotzky S, Bloch I, Altman E 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 61
[30] Huang L H, Meng Z M, Wang P J, Peng P, Zhang S L, Chen L C, Li D H, Zhou Q, Zhang J 2016 Nat. Phys. 12 540
[31] Ji S C, Zhang J Y, Zhang L, Du Z D, Zheng W, Deng Y J, Zhai H, Chen S, Pan J W 2014 Nat. Phys. 10 314
[32] Li L, Qu Q Z, Wang B, Li T, Zhao J B, Ji J W, Ren W, Zhao X, Ye M F, Yao Y Y, L D S, Liu L 2016 Chin. Phys. Lett. 33 063201
[33] Hung C L, Zhang X B, Gemelke N, Chin C 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 011604
[34] Bouton Q, Chang R, Hoendervanger A L, Nogrette F, Aspect A, Westbrook C I, Clment D 2015 Phys. Rev. A 91 061402
[35] Mimoun E, Sarlo L D, Jacob D, Dalibard J, Gerbier F 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 023631
[36] Clment J F, Brantut J P, Robert-de-Saint-Vincent M, Nyman R A, Aspect A, Bourdel T, Bouyer P 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 061406
[37] Wohlleben W, Chevy F, Madison K, Dalibard J 2001 Eur. Phys. J. D 15 237
[38] Joffe M A, Ketterle W, Martin A, Pritchard D E 1993 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10 2257
[39] Lison F, Schuh P, Haubrich D, Meschede D 1999 Phys. Rev. A 61 013405
[40] Dieckmann K, Spreeuw R J C, Weidemller M, Walraven J T M 1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 3891
[41] Schoser J, Batr A, Lw R, Schweikhard V, Grabowski A, Ovchinnikov Y B, Pfau T 2002 Phys. Rev. A 66 023410
[42] Regal C A, Greiner M, Jin D S 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 083201
[43] Zwierlein M W, Stan C A, Schunck C H, Raupach S M F, Kerman A J, Ketterle W 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 120403
[44] Salomon G, Fouch L, Lepoutre S, Aspect A, Bourdel T 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 033405
[45] Lin Y J, Perry A R, Compton R L, Spielman I B, Porto J V 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 063631
[46] Xiong D Z, Wang P J, Fu Z K, Zhang J 2010 Opt. Express 18 1649
[47] Klempt C, Henninger T, Topic O, Will J, Falke St, Ertmer W, Arlt J 2008 Eur. Phys. J. D 48 121
[48] Brink D M, Sukumar C V 2006 Phys. Rev. A 74 035401
[49] Petrich W, Anderson M H, Ensher J R, Cornell E A 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 3352
[50] Heo M S, Choi J, Shin Y 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 013622
[51] Naik D S, Raman C 2005 Phys. Rev. A 71 033617
[52] Grimm R, Weidemller M, Ovchinnikov Y B 1999 arXiv: physics/9902072v1 [physics. atom-ph]
[53] Xiong D Z, Wang P J, Fu Z K, Chai S J, Zhang J 2010 Chin. Opt. Lett. 8 627
[54] Wang D W, Liu R B, Zhu S Y, Scully M O 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 043602
[55] Łącki M, Baranov M A, Pichler H, Zoller P 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 233001
[56] Li T, Duca L, Reitter M, Grusdt F, Demler E, Endres M, Schleier-Smith M, Bloch I, Schneider U 2016 Science 352 1094
[57] Duca L, Li T, Reitter M, Bloch I, Schleier-Smith M, Schneider U 2015 Science 347 288
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[1] Spielman I B 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 063613
[2] Lin Y J, Compton R L, Jimnez-Garca K, Phillips W D, Porto J V, Spielman I B 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 531
[3] Kennedy C J, Burton W C, Chung W C, Ketterle W 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 859
[4] Lin Y J, Compton R L, Jimnez-Garca K, Porto J V, Spielman I B 2009 Nature 462 628
[5] Lin Y J, Compton R L, Perry A R, Phillips W D, Porto J V, Spielman I B 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 130401
[6] Duan L M, Demler E, LKin M D 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 090402
[7] Huang Z, Zeng W, Gu Y, Liu L, Zhou L, Zhang W P 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 164201 (in Chinese) [黄珍, 曾文, 古艺, 刘利, 周鲁, 张卫平 2016 物理学报 65 164201]
[8] Davis K B, Mewes M O, Andrews M R, van Druten N J, Durfee D S, Kurn D M, Ketterle W 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 3969
[9] Weber T, Herbig J, Mark M, Ngerl H C, Grimm R 2003 Science 299 232
[10] Bradley C C, Sackett C A, Tollett J J, Hulet R G 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 1687
[11] Anderson M H, Ensher J R, Matthews M R, Wieman C E, Cornell E A 1995 Science 269 198
[12] Bai J H, Lu X G, Miao X X, Pei L Y, Wang M, Gao Y L, Wang R Q, Wu L A, Fu P M, Zuo Z C 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 034206 (in Chinese) [白金海, 芦小刚, 缪兴绪, 裴丽娅, 王梦, 高艳磊, 王如泉, 吴令安, 傅盘铭, 左战春 2015 物理学报 64 034206]
[13] Zhao X B, Xu Z X, Zhang L J, Wu Y L, Li S J, Wang H 2010 Acta Sin. Quantum Opt. 16 196 (in Chinese) [赵兴波, 徐忠孝, 张利军, 武跃龙, 李淑静, 王海 2010 量子光学学报 16 196]
[14] Zhang Z Y, Wu Y L, Xu Z X, Chen L R, Li S J, Wang H 2013 Acta Sin. Quantum Opt. 19 340 (in Chinese) [张志英, 武跃龙, 徐忠孝, 陈力荣, 李淑静, 王海 2013 量子光学学报 19 340]
[15] Meng Z M, Huang L H, Peng P, Chen L C, Fan H, Wang P J, Zhang J 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 243202 (in Chinese) [孟增明, 黄良辉, 彭鹏, 陈良超, 樊浩, 王鹏军, 张靖 2015 物理学报 64 243202]
[16] Esslinger T, Bloch I, Hnsch T W 1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 2664
[17] Greiner M, Mandel O, Esslinger T, Hnsch T W, Bloch I 2002 Nature 415 39
[18] Bakr W S, Peng A, Tai M E, Ma R, Simon J, Gillen J I, Flling S, Pollet L, Greiner M 2010 Science 329 547
[19] Hofferberth S, Lesanovsky I, Fischer B, Schumm T, Schmiedmayer J 2007 Nature 449 324
[20] Fan H, Wang P J, Zhang J 2015 Acta Sin. Quantum Opt. 21 351 (in Chinese) [樊浩, 王鹏军, 张靖 2015 量子光学学报 21 351]
[21] Chai S J, Wang P J, Fu Z K, Huang L H, Zhang J 2012 Acta Sin. Quantum Opt. 18 171 (in Chinese) [柴世杰, 王鹏军, 付正坤, 黄良辉, 张靖 2012 量子光学学报 18 171]
[22] Wang P J, Chen H X, Xiong D Z, Yu X D, Gao F, Zhang J 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 4840 (in Chinese) [王鹏军, 陈海霞, 熊德智, 于旭东, 高峰, 张靖 2008 物理学报 57 4840]
[23] Inouye S, Andrews M R, Stenger J, Miesner H J, Stamper-Kurn D M, Ketterle W 1998 Nature 392 151
[24] Bauer D M, Lettner M, Vo C, Rempe G, Drr S 2009 Nat. Phys. 5 339
[25] Olf R, Fang F, Marti G E, Macrae A, Stamper-Kurn D M 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 720
[26] Bakr W S, Gillen J I, Peng A, Flling S, Greiner M 2009 Nature 462 74
[27] Xie D Z, Bu W H, Yan B 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 053701
[28] Deng S J, Shi Z Y, Diao P P, Yu Q L, Zhai H, Qi R, Wu H B 2016 Science 353 371
[29] Chen Y A, Huber S D, Trotzky S, Bloch I, Altman E 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 61
[30] Huang L H, Meng Z M, Wang P J, Peng P, Zhang S L, Chen L C, Li D H, Zhou Q, Zhang J 2016 Nat. Phys. 12 540
[31] Ji S C, Zhang J Y, Zhang L, Du Z D, Zheng W, Deng Y J, Zhai H, Chen S, Pan J W 2014 Nat. Phys. 10 314
[32] Li L, Qu Q Z, Wang B, Li T, Zhao J B, Ji J W, Ren W, Zhao X, Ye M F, Yao Y Y, L D S, Liu L 2016 Chin. Phys. Lett. 33 063201
[33] Hung C L, Zhang X B, Gemelke N, Chin C 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 011604
[34] Bouton Q, Chang R, Hoendervanger A L, Nogrette F, Aspect A, Westbrook C I, Clment D 2015 Phys. Rev. A 91 061402
[35] Mimoun E, Sarlo L D, Jacob D, Dalibard J, Gerbier F 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 023631
[36] Clment J F, Brantut J P, Robert-de-Saint-Vincent M, Nyman R A, Aspect A, Bourdel T, Bouyer P 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 061406
[37] Wohlleben W, Chevy F, Madison K, Dalibard J 2001 Eur. Phys. J. D 15 237
[38] Joffe M A, Ketterle W, Martin A, Pritchard D E 1993 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10 2257
[39] Lison F, Schuh P, Haubrich D, Meschede D 1999 Phys. Rev. A 61 013405
[40] Dieckmann K, Spreeuw R J C, Weidemller M, Walraven J T M 1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 3891
[41] Schoser J, Batr A, Lw R, Schweikhard V, Grabowski A, Ovchinnikov Y B, Pfau T 2002 Phys. Rev. A 66 023410
[42] Regal C A, Greiner M, Jin D S 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 083201
[43] Zwierlein M W, Stan C A, Schunck C H, Raupach S M F, Kerman A J, Ketterle W 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 120403
[44] Salomon G, Fouch L, Lepoutre S, Aspect A, Bourdel T 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 033405
[45] Lin Y J, Perry A R, Compton R L, Spielman I B, Porto J V 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 063631
[46] Xiong D Z, Wang P J, Fu Z K, Zhang J 2010 Opt. Express 18 1649
[47] Klempt C, Henninger T, Topic O, Will J, Falke St, Ertmer W, Arlt J 2008 Eur. Phys. J. D 48 121
[48] Brink D M, Sukumar C V 2006 Phys. Rev. A 74 035401
[49] Petrich W, Anderson M H, Ensher J R, Cornell E A 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 3352
[50] Heo M S, Choi J, Shin Y 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 013622
[51] Naik D S, Raman C 2005 Phys. Rev. A 71 033617
[52] Grimm R, Weidemller M, Ovchinnikov Y B 1999 arXiv: physics/9902072v1 [physics. atom-ph]
[53] Xiong D Z, Wang P J, Fu Z K, Chai S J, Zhang J 2010 Chin. Opt. Lett. 8 627
[54] Wang D W, Liu R B, Zhu S Y, Scully M O 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 043602
[55] Łącki M, Baranov M A, Pichler H, Zoller P 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 233001
[56] Li T, Duca L, Reitter M, Grusdt F, Demler E, Endres M, Schleier-Smith M, Bloch I, Schneider U 2016 Science 352 1094
[57] Duca L, Li T, Reitter M, Bloch I, Schleier-Smith M, Schneider U 2015 Science 347 288
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