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The energy transfer phenomenon between Nd3+ and Yb3+ generates the research interest in Nd3+/Yb3+ co-doping, because it provides a straight-forward way to combine the features of Nd3+ and Yb3+ to develop some potential applications,such as solar cells,high energy pulse and tunable lasers.Substantial research work has been conducted to study the spectroscopic properties of Nd3+/Yb3+ in different glasses,crystal and ceramic host materials.However,it is still not very clear about the laser properties of the Nd3+/Yb3+ co-doping system,especially the high rare-earth solubility phosphate glass.This work reports the stimulated emission and laser properties of an Nd3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass fiber under singly 970 nm and 808 nm LD pumping.The molar doping ratio of Nd3+:Yb3+ is 4:1.Using the free-space coupled method,the laser properties of the co-doped fiber under 970 nm pump are tested first in a laser cavity comprised of a butt-coupled dichroic mirror with high reflectivity (≥ 99.5%) and a cleaved fiber ended with~4.6% Fresnel reflectivity.It is found that with the increase of 970 nm pump power (P970) two discrete laser peaks and one peak located at 1053 nm with a larger threshold can be observed for fiber length equal to and less than 0.7 m.The 1053 nm laser is produced by Yb3+ → Nd3+ energy transfer,and its lasing threshold decreases with increasing fiber length in this length region.Then,the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) spectra for fiber lengths of 0.35 m,0.9 m and 5.0 m under 970 nm pumping are tested by cutting 6° at the output port.The test results indicate that the Yb3+ → Nd3+ energy transfer has a modulation effect on fiber spectrum,and the modulation becomes more obvious for a longer fiber length.A two-fold promotion mechanism is suggested to explain the modulation effect:1) the reabsorption effect of Yb3+ leading to relatively lifetime prolongation increases the Yb3+ → Nd3+ energy transfer efficiency;2) the red-shifted oscillator laser wavelength leads to a larger emission cross section difference between Nd3+ and Yb3+.Besides,the measurement results in 0.35-m-long fiber also suggest that the 1053 nm laser in fiber laser test may be due to a fiber temperature raising effect during the increase of P970.The laser properties and ASE spectra of the fiber under 808 nm pumping have been studied in the same fiber test setup.However,the tested results are quite different from the 970 nm pumping case. Only one lasing peak at 1053 nm is detected,and it is found that the peak is not dependent on the 808 nm pump power (P808) nor the fiber length.To explain this phenomenon,one energy transfer model with taking into consideration the stimulated emission of Nd3+ is derived.According to this theoretical model,Nd3+ → Yb3+ energy transfer efficiency fast decreases with the increase of simulated emission intensity of Nd3+.This explanation is experimentally supported by a 0.05-m-long Nd3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass fiber with varying P808.Therefore,the adoption of Nd3+ to sensitize Yb3+ for developing some laser applications needs to consider the suppression effect of Nd3+ stimulated emission on Nd3+ → Yb3+ energy transfer.
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Keywords:
- fiber lasers /
- phosphate glass fiber /
- Nd3+↔Yb3+ energy transfer
[1] Rivera-Lopez F, Babu P, Basavapoornima C, Jayasankar C K, Lavin V 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 123514
[2] Pearson A D, Porto S P S 1964 Appl. Phys. Lett. 4 202
[3] Petit V, Camy P, Doualan J L, Moncorgé R 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 051111
[4] Reichel V, Moerl K W, Unger S, Jetschke S, Mueller H, Kirchhof J, Sandrock T, Harschack A, Liem A, Limpert J, Zellmer H, Tuennermann A 2005 Proceedings of the XV International Symposium on Gas Flow, Chemical Lasers, and High-Power Lasers Bellingham, America, March 23, 2005 p404
[5] Jetschke S, Reichel V, Moerl K, Unger S, Roepke U, Mueller H 2005 Proceedings of Fiber Lasers Ⅱ:Technology, Systems, and Applications Bellingham, America, April 22, 2005 p59
[6] Limpert J, Liem A, Zellmer H, Tnnermann A 2003 Electron. Lett. 39 645
[7] Jaque D, Ramirez M O, Bausá L E, Solé J G, Cavalli E, Speghini A, Bettinelli M 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 035118
[8] Ramirez M O, Jaque D, Bausá L E, Martín I R, Lahoz F, Cavalli E, Speghini A, Bettinelli M 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 97 093510
[9] Galagan B I, Denker B I, Dmitruk L N, Motsartov V V, Osiko V V, Sverchkov S E 1996 J. Quantum Elect. 26 99
[10] Sugimoto N, Ohishi Y, Katoh Y, Tate A, Shimokozono M, Sudo S 1995 Appl. Phys. Lett. 67 582
[11] de Sousa D F, Batalioto F, Bell M J V, Oliveira S L, Nunes L A O 2001 J. Appl. Phys. 90 3308
[12] Lurin C, Parent C, Le Flem G, Hagenmuller P 1985 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 46 1083
[13] Lurin C, Parent C, Le Flem G 1985 J. Less-Common Metals 112 91
[14] George S A, Pucilowski A, Hayden, J S, Urruti E H 2016 Proceeding of Advanced Solid State Lasers Boston, Massachusetts, Oct. 31-Nov. 3, 2016 pJTu2A. 18
[15] Lupei V, Lupei A, Ikesue A 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 111118
[16] Lupei V, Lupei A, Gheorghe C, Hau S, Ikesue A 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 2141
[17] Borrero-González L J, Nunes L A O 2012 J. Phys.:Condens. Matter 24 385501
[18] Borrero-González L J, Nunes L A O, Bianchi G S, Astrath F B G, Baesso M L 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 013103
[19] Yu D C, Zhang Q Y 2013 Sci. China:Chem. 43 1431(in Chinese)[禹德朝, 张勤远2013中国科学:化学43 1431]
[20] Jia Z T, Arcangeli A, Tao X T, Zhang J, Dong C M, Jiang M H, Bonelli L, Tonelli M 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 105 083113
[21] Sontakke A D, Biswas K, Sen R, Annapurna K 2010 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27 2750
[22] Chen S C, Mao S, Dai F M 1984 Acta Phys. Sin. 33 515 (in Chinese)[陈述春, 茅森, 戴凤妹1984物理学报33 515]
[23] Jaque D, García Solé J, Macalik L, Hanuza J, Majchrowski A 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 011920
[24] Jaque D, Solé J G, Speghini A, Bettinelli M, Cavalli E, Ródenas A 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 035106
[25] Xu W, Zhao H, Zhang Z G, Cao W W 2013 Sens. Actuator B:Chem. 178 520
[26] Lin Z Q, Yu C L, He D B, Feng S Y, Chen D P, Hu L L 2016 IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 28 2673
[27] Lou L R, Yin M, Li Q T 2014 Fundamentals of Luminescence Physics:Optical Transition Processes in Solids (Hefei:Press of University of Science and Technology of China) p152(in Chinese)[楼立人, 尹民, 李清庭2014发光物理基础:固体光跃迁过程(合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社)第152页]
[28] George S, Carlie N, Pucilowski S, Hayden J 2014 US Patent 14 088973
[29] Payne S A, Chase L L, Smith L K, Kway W L, Krupke W F 1992 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28 2619
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[1] Rivera-Lopez F, Babu P, Basavapoornima C, Jayasankar C K, Lavin V 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 123514
[2] Pearson A D, Porto S P S 1964 Appl. Phys. Lett. 4 202
[3] Petit V, Camy P, Doualan J L, Moncorgé R 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 051111
[4] Reichel V, Moerl K W, Unger S, Jetschke S, Mueller H, Kirchhof J, Sandrock T, Harschack A, Liem A, Limpert J, Zellmer H, Tuennermann A 2005 Proceedings of the XV International Symposium on Gas Flow, Chemical Lasers, and High-Power Lasers Bellingham, America, March 23, 2005 p404
[5] Jetschke S, Reichel V, Moerl K, Unger S, Roepke U, Mueller H 2005 Proceedings of Fiber Lasers Ⅱ:Technology, Systems, and Applications Bellingham, America, April 22, 2005 p59
[6] Limpert J, Liem A, Zellmer H, Tnnermann A 2003 Electron. Lett. 39 645
[7] Jaque D, Ramirez M O, Bausá L E, Solé J G, Cavalli E, Speghini A, Bettinelli M 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 035118
[8] Ramirez M O, Jaque D, Bausá L E, Martín I R, Lahoz F, Cavalli E, Speghini A, Bettinelli M 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 97 093510
[9] Galagan B I, Denker B I, Dmitruk L N, Motsartov V V, Osiko V V, Sverchkov S E 1996 J. Quantum Elect. 26 99
[10] Sugimoto N, Ohishi Y, Katoh Y, Tate A, Shimokozono M, Sudo S 1995 Appl. Phys. Lett. 67 582
[11] de Sousa D F, Batalioto F, Bell M J V, Oliveira S L, Nunes L A O 2001 J. Appl. Phys. 90 3308
[12] Lurin C, Parent C, Le Flem G, Hagenmuller P 1985 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 46 1083
[13] Lurin C, Parent C, Le Flem G 1985 J. Less-Common Metals 112 91
[14] George S A, Pucilowski A, Hayden, J S, Urruti E H 2016 Proceeding of Advanced Solid State Lasers Boston, Massachusetts, Oct. 31-Nov. 3, 2016 pJTu2A. 18
[15] Lupei V, Lupei A, Ikesue A 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 111118
[16] Lupei V, Lupei A, Gheorghe C, Hau S, Ikesue A 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 2141
[17] Borrero-González L J, Nunes L A O 2012 J. Phys.:Condens. Matter 24 385501
[18] Borrero-González L J, Nunes L A O, Bianchi G S, Astrath F B G, Baesso M L 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 013103
[19] Yu D C, Zhang Q Y 2013 Sci. China:Chem. 43 1431(in Chinese)[禹德朝, 张勤远2013中国科学:化学43 1431]
[20] Jia Z T, Arcangeli A, Tao X T, Zhang J, Dong C M, Jiang M H, Bonelli L, Tonelli M 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 105 083113
[21] Sontakke A D, Biswas K, Sen R, Annapurna K 2010 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27 2750
[22] Chen S C, Mao S, Dai F M 1984 Acta Phys. Sin. 33 515 (in Chinese)[陈述春, 茅森, 戴凤妹1984物理学报33 515]
[23] Jaque D, García Solé J, Macalik L, Hanuza J, Majchrowski A 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 011920
[24] Jaque D, Solé J G, Speghini A, Bettinelli M, Cavalli E, Ródenas A 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 035106
[25] Xu W, Zhao H, Zhang Z G, Cao W W 2013 Sens. Actuator B:Chem. 178 520
[26] Lin Z Q, Yu C L, He D B, Feng S Y, Chen D P, Hu L L 2016 IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 28 2673
[27] Lou L R, Yin M, Li Q T 2014 Fundamentals of Luminescence Physics:Optical Transition Processes in Solids (Hefei:Press of University of Science and Technology of China) p152(in Chinese)[楼立人, 尹民, 李清庭2014发光物理基础:固体光跃迁过程(合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社)第152页]
[28] George S, Carlie N, Pucilowski S, Hayden J 2014 US Patent 14 088973
[29] Payne S A, Chase L L, Smith L K, Kway W L, Krupke W F 1992 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28 2619
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