Spectroscopic exploration of upconversion luminescence behavior of rare earth-doped single-particle micro/nanocrystals

Zhang Xiang-Yu; Ma Ying-Xiang; Xu Chun-Long; Ding Jian; Quan Hong-Juan; Hou Zhao-Yang; Shi Gang; Qin Ning; Gao Dang-Li

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20172191

Abstract

In recent years, rare earth-doped upconversion (UC) micro/nanocrystals are useful for many applications, especially in biology because of their unique luminescent properties and specific geometry. The luminescence efficiency of lanthanide-doped UC nanoparticles is of particular importance for their applications. However, the unsatisfactory UC efficiency is still one of the main hurdles. In the present article, a series of Yb3+/Er3+ doped NaYF4 micro/nanoparticles with different ratios of length to diameter are successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses, photoluminescence spectra, and the dynamic process of the luminescence are used to characterize the samples. The intrinsic structural feature of fluoride, the solution pH value, and organic additive Cit3- account for the ultimate shape evolution of the final products. The ratio of length to diameter of NaYF4 microrod can be tuned only by varying the value of pH or the amount of an organic additive (Cit3-). The UC characteristics of a single NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ microrod obtained by tuning the value of pH or the amount of Cit3- are investigated by laser confocal microscopy with a 980 nm laser. The two series of codoped fluoride crystals both exhibit the characteristic UC luminescence from Er3+ ions and display the rich luminescence patterns in space. The UC luminescence from a single NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ microrod obtained by tuning the value of pH is brighter than that from a single NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ microrod with the same size obtained by tuning the amount of Cit3-. The EDX analysis indicates that the number of Na+ defects depends on the specific synthesis conditions of the sample. The Na+ defects of samples obtained by tuning the values of pH are lower than those of samples with the same size obtained by tuning the amount of Cit3-. It conduces to reducing Na+ defects at lower pH value. The parameters of the luminescence kinetics are found to be unambiguously dependent on the size of sample, which relates to higher energy phonon of surface and Na+ defects. The mechanism of luminescence enhancement by pH controlling is explored, and a mechanism based on the reduced intrinsic defects of Na+ is proposed. The investigation not only enriches the controllable synthesis approach of fluoride micro/nanomaterials, but also indicates the potential applications of rare earth materials with a rich luminescence pattern in the photonic devices and anti-counterfeiting devices.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Science, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China;
2.
College of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Xiang-Yu, xyzhang@chd.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11604253, 51771033), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant Nos. 310812171004, 301812172001), the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province of China (Grant No. 2018JM1036), the Plan Project of Youth Science and Technology New Star of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2015KJXX-33), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2015M570816), the Provincial Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, China (Grant No. 1229), and the Undergraduate Scientific Research Training Plan (SSRT) of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, China.

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Cited By

[1]	Luo Z, Ruan Q, Zhong M, Cheng Y, Yang R, Xu B, Xu H, Cai Z 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 2258
[2]	Zhou B, Shi B, Jin D, Liu X 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 924
[3]	Yao C, Wang P, Li X, Hu X, Hou J, Wang L, Zhang F 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 9341
[4]	Sun L, Wang Y, Yan C 2014 Acc. Chem. Res. 47 1001
[5]	Zhou J, Liu Q, Feng W, Sun Y, Li F 2015 Chem. Rev. 115 395
[6]	Bhaumik J, Mittal A K, Banerjee A, Chisti Y, Banerjee U C 2015 Nano Res. 8 1373
[7]	Fu J, Fu X, Wang C, Yang X, Zhuang J, Zhang G, Lai B, Wu M, Wang J 2013 Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2013 1269
[8]	Gao D, Zhang X, Gao W 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 033505
[9]	Ding M, Chen D, Yin S, Ji Z, Zhong J, Ni Y, Lu C, Xu Z 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 12745
[10]	Gao D, Zhang X, Zhang J 2014 CrystEngComm 16 11115
[11]	Li S, Ye S, Chen X, Liu T, Guo Z, Wang D 2017 J. Rare Earth 35 753
[12]	Gao D, Zhang X, Chong B, Xiao G, Tian D 2017 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19 4288
[13]	Bai X, Song H, Pan G, Lei Y, Wang T, Ren X, Lu S, Dong B, Dai Q, Fan L 2007 J. Phys. Chem. C 111 13611
[14]	Schietinger S, de Menezes L S, Lauritzen B, Benson O 2009 Nano Lett. 9 2477
[15]	Wang Z, Zeng S, Yu J, Ji X, Zeng H, Xin S, Wang Y, Sun L 2015 Nanoscale 7 9552
[16]	Suo H, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Li T, Goldys E M, Guo C 2017 Chem. Eng. J. 313 65
[17]	Kramer K W, Biner D, Frei G, Gudel H U, Hehlen M P, Luthi S R 2004 Chem. Mater. 16 1244
[18]	Lu E, Pichaandi J, Arnett L P, Tong L, Winnik M A 2017 J. Phys. Chem. C 121 18178
[19]	Zhang X Y, Wang J G, Xu C L, Pan Y, Hou Z Y, Ding J, Gao D L 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 204205 (in Chinese) [张翔宇, 王晋国, 徐春龙, 潘渊, 侯兆阳, 丁健, 高当丽 2016 物理学报 65 204205]
[20]	Zhou J, Qiu J 2016 J. Inorg. Mater. 31 1023 (in Chinese) [周佳佳, 邱建荣 2016 无机材料学报 31 1023]
[21]	Gao D, Tian D, Zhang X, Gao W 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 22433
[22]	Chen B, Sun T Y, Qiao X S, Fan X P, Wang F 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 1577
[23]	Ostrowski A D, Chan E M, Gargas D J, Katz E M, Han G, Schuck P J, Milliron D J, Cohen B E 2012 ACS Nano 6 2686
[24]	Mor F M, Sienkiewicz A, Forr L, Jeney S 2014 ACS Photon. 1 1251
[25]	Ma C, Xu X, Wang F, Zhou Z, Liu D, Zhao J, Guan M, Lang C I, Jin D 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2858
[26]	Gao D, Zhang X, Gao W 2013 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 9732
[27]	Gao D, Gao W, Shi P, Li L 2013 RSC Adv. 3 14757
[28]	Liang X, Wang X, Zhuang J, Peng Q, Li Y 2007 Adv. Funct. Mater. 17 2757
[29]	Zhang X, Wang M, Ding J, Gao D, Shi Y, Song X 2012 CrystEngComm 14 8357
[30]	Zheng W, Huang P, Tu D, Ma E, Zhu H, Chen X 2015 Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 1379
[31]	Gao D L, Tian D P, Chong B, Li L, Zhang X Y 2016 J. Alloys Compd. 678 212
[32]	Tian D, Gao D, Chong B, Liu X 2015 Dalton Trans. 44 4133
[33]	Zhang X Y, Wang D, Shi H W, Wang J G, Hou Z Y, Zhang L D, Gao D L 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 084203 (in Chinese) [张翔宇, 王丹, 石焕文, 王晋国, 侯兆阳, 张力东, 高当丽 2018 物理学报 67 084203]
[34]	Tu L, Liu X, Wu F, Zhang H 2015 Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 1331
[35]	Fischer S, Bronstein N D, Swabeck J K, Chan E M, Alivisatos A P 2016 Nano Lett. 16 7241
[36]	Sun T, Ma R, Qiao X, Fan X, Wang F 2016 ChemPhysChem 17 766

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Vol. 67, Issue 18 - 2018-09-20

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