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Laser heterodyne is a kind of technique based on coherent detection with high sensitivity and spectral resolution for spectrum measurements. For these reasons, it has been widely used in many research fields, such as trace gases’ detection of earth’s or terrestrial planets’ atmosphere. However, when the laser heterodyne spectrometer is used for measuring the spectrum, the instrument line shape (ILS) function usually smooth the spectrum, which affects the inversion results of the gas column density. In previous researches, the radio frequency (RF) filter response function was usually used as the ILS, but recent studies indicated that the ILS without consideration of the influence of lock-in amplifier was not precise enough. In order to obtain the ILS function of the laser heterodyne spectrometer, the main factors which influence the ILS are analyzed, including the RF filter bandwidth, integral time and low-pass filter of lock-in amplifier, and the process is based on the principle of laser heterodyne technology and the flow of heterodyne signal processing. The presented ILS is the convolution of RF filter, wavelength variation in the integral time and the low-pass filter. In addition, for testing the effectiveness of the ILS in this paper, the laser heterodyne spectrometer which was built in our laboratory is used for the multiple measurement of the absorption of water vapor and methane in the band of 3.53
${\text{μm}}$ and the column densities are retrieved with different ILS. The experimental results show that the actual resolutions of the laser heterodyne spectrometer are about 0.005 cm–1 and 0.025 cm–1 when the integral times are set to be 10 ms and 100 ms respectively. Furthermore, the RF filter response function and the ILS function presented in the paper are respectively used in the procedure of water vapor and methane inversion. The results show that when the ILS function used for the retrieval, the sum of squared residual reduces about 16% and the residuals at the peak of methane absorption reduces almost 100% compared with the scenario when using the RF filter function. Above all, the comprehensive analysis of the laser heterodyne spectrometer in this paper indicates that the ILS function is more precise than pioneering studies and this work will be helpful for retrieving the precise profiles of trace gases.-
Keywords:
- laser heterodyne /
- instrument line shape function /
- radio frequency filter /
- transmittance spectrum
[1] Sonnabend G, Krötz P, Schmülling F, Kostiuk T, Goldstein J, Sornig M, Stupar D, Livengood T, Hewagama T, Fast K, Mahieux A 2012 Icarus 217 856
Google Scholar
[2] Ren Y, Hovenier J N, Higgins R, Gao J R, Klapwijk T M, Shi S C, Bell A, Klein B, Williams B S, Kumar S, Hu Q, Reno J L 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 161105
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[5] 熊伟, 施海亮, 俞能海 2015 光谱学与光谱分析 35 267
Google Scholar
Xiong W, Shi H L, Yu N H 2015 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 35 267
Google Scholar
[6] Taguchi M, Okano S, Fukunishi H, Sasano Y 1990 Geo. Res. Lett. 17 2349
Google Scholar
[7] Fukunishi H, Okano S, Taguchi M, Ohnuma T 1990 Appl. Opt. 29 2722
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[9] Weidmann D, Tsai T, Macleod N A, Wysocki G 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 1951
Google Scholar
[10] Tsai T R, Rose R A, Weidmann D, Wysocki G 2012 Appl. Opt. 51 8779
Google Scholar
[11] Wilson E L, Mclinden M L, Miller J H, Allan G R, Ott L E, Melroy H R, Clarke G B 2014 Appl. Phys. B 114 385
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[13] 谈图 2015 博士学位论文 (合肥: 中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所)
Tan T 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[14] 谈图, 曹振松, 王贵师, 汪磊, 刘锟, 黄印博, 陈卫东, 高晓明 2015 光谱学与光谱分析 35 1516
Google Scholar
Tan T, Cao Z S, Wang G S, Wang L, Liu K, Huang Y B, Chen W D, Gao X M 2015 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 35 1516
Google Scholar
[15] Blaney T G 1975 Space Sci. Rev. 17 691
Google Scholar
[16] Parvitte B, Zéninari V, Thiébeaux C, Delahaigue A, Courtois D 2004 Spectrochim. Acta A 60 1193
Google Scholar
[17] Protopopov V V 2009 Laser Heterodyning (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) pp1−103
[18] Qi C, Huang Y Y, Zhang W S, Zhou D, Wang Y M, Zhu M 2016 IECON 2016-42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Florence, Italy, October 23−26, 2016 p883
[19] Remillard P A, Amorelli M C 1993 US Patent 52 10484 A
[20] 曹亚南, 王睿, 王贵师, 朱公栋, 谈图, 王晶晶, 刘锟, 汪磊, 梅教旭, 高晓明 2017 光谱学与光谱分析 37 3626
Cao Y N, Wang R, Wang G S, Zhu G D, Tan T, Wang J J, Liu K, Wang L, Mei J X, Gao X M 2017 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 37 3626
[21] 卢兴吉, 曹振松, 黄印博, 高晓明, 饶瑞中 2018 光学精密工程 26 1846
Lu X J, Cao Z S, Huang Y B, Gao X M, Rao R Z 2018 Optics Precis. Eng. 26 1846
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图 1 (a)激光外差信号处理流程; (b)信号解调原理图
Figure 1. (a) Diagram of laser heterodyne signal processing; (b) scheme of signal demodulation
图 2 RF滤波函数与ILS函数
Figure 2. RF filter function and presented ILS function
图 3 不同积分时间测量的透过率谱
Figure 3. Measured transmittance spectra with different integral time
图 4 (a)积分时间为10 ms透过率拟合结果及残差; (b)积分时间为100 ms透过率拟合结果及残差
Figure 4. (a) Fitting results of transmittance and residuals with
$\tau$ = 10 ms; (b) fitting results of transmittance and residuals with$\tau$ = 100 ms.
图 5 透过率残差平方和的变化
Figure 5. Variation of sum of squared residual of transmittance
图 6 不同ILS函数反演出的水汽和甲烷柱浓度变化
Figure 6. Variations of water vapor and methane column density inversed with different ILS function
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[1] Sonnabend G, Krötz P, Schmülling F, Kostiuk T, Goldstein J, Sornig M, Stupar D, Livengood T, Hewagama T, Fast K, Mahieux A 2012 Icarus 217 856
Google Scholar
[2] Ren Y, Hovenier J N, Higgins R, Gao J R, Klapwijk T M, Shi S C, Bell A, Klein B, Williams B S, Kumar S, Hu Q, Reno J L 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 161105
Google Scholar
[3] Bernardo C J H 2001 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wollongong: University of Wollongong)
[4] Frey M, Hase F, Blumenstock T, Groß J, Kiel M, Tsidu G M, Schäfer K, Sha M K, Orphal J 2015 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 8 3047
Google Scholar
[5] 熊伟, 施海亮, 俞能海 2015 光谱学与光谱分析 35 267
Google Scholar
Xiong W, Shi H L, Yu N H 2015 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 35 267
Google Scholar
[6] Taguchi M, Okano S, Fukunishi H, Sasano Y 1990 Geo. Res. Lett. 17 2349
Google Scholar
[7] Fukunishi H, Okano S, Taguchi M, Ohnuma T 1990 Appl. Opt. 29 2722
Google Scholar
[8] Weidmann D, Reburn W J, Smith K M 2007 Appl. Opt. 46 7162
Google Scholar
[9] Weidmann D, Tsai T, Macleod N A, Wysocki G 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 1951
Google Scholar
[10] Tsai T R, Rose R A, Weidmann D, Wysocki G 2012 Appl. Opt. 51 8779
Google Scholar
[11] Wilson E L, Mclinden M L, Miller J H, Allan G R, Ott L E, Melroy H R, Clarke G B 2014 Appl. Phys. B 114 385
Google Scholar
[12] Melroy H R, Wilson E L, Clarke G B, Ott L E, Mao J, Ramanathan A K, McLinden M L 2015 Appl. Phys. B 120 609
Google Scholar
[13] 谈图 2015 博士学位论文 (合肥: 中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所)
Tan T 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[14] 谈图, 曹振松, 王贵师, 汪磊, 刘锟, 黄印博, 陈卫东, 高晓明 2015 光谱学与光谱分析 35 1516
Google Scholar
Tan T, Cao Z S, Wang G S, Wang L, Liu K, Huang Y B, Chen W D, Gao X M 2015 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 35 1516
Google Scholar
[15] Blaney T G 1975 Space Sci. Rev. 17 691
Google Scholar
[16] Parvitte B, Zéninari V, Thiébeaux C, Delahaigue A, Courtois D 2004 Spectrochim. Acta A 60 1193
Google Scholar
[17] Protopopov V V 2009 Laser Heterodyning (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) pp1−103
[18] Qi C, Huang Y Y, Zhang W S, Zhou D, Wang Y M, Zhu M 2016 IECON 2016-42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Florence, Italy, October 23−26, 2016 p883
[19] Remillard P A, Amorelli M C 1993 US Patent 52 10484 A
[20] 曹亚南, 王睿, 王贵师, 朱公栋, 谈图, 王晶晶, 刘锟, 汪磊, 梅教旭, 高晓明 2017 光谱学与光谱分析 37 3626
Cao Y N, Wang R, Wang G S, Zhu G D, Tan T, Wang J J, Liu K, Wang L, Mei J X, Gao X M 2017 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 37 3626
[21] 卢兴吉, 曹振松, 黄印博, 高晓明, 饶瑞中 2018 光学精密工程 26 1846
Lu X J, Cao Z S, Huang Y B, Gao X M, Rao R Z 2018 Optics Precis. Eng. 26 1846
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