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Supercontinuum generated in normal dispersion region of highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) is widely used in signal processing and communication benefiting from its good flatness and high coherence. Because of the normal dispersion, optical wave breaking (OWB) occurs when non-frequency shift components and frequency shift components caused by self-phase modulation (SPM) overlap in time domain, and ends when non-frequency shift components disappear. The evolution of non-frequency shift components at the front and rear edge of optical pulse play an essential role in the supercontinuum generation process. In this paper, the evolution of non-frequency shift components in normal dispersion region is numerically calculated and analyzed based on generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The results demonstrate that non-frequency shift components shrink gradually as the pulse propagates in the normal dispersion region. Cross-phase modulation (XPM) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) play a major role in this process, while the third-order dispersion imposes little effect on it. Because of XPM, non-frequency shift components at the front and rear edge shrink gradually, and keep red shifting and blue-shifting respectively. The influence of XPM on the non-frequency shift components at both edges is symmetrical. However, the influence of SRS on the evolution of non-frequency-shift components at both edges is asymmetric. At the front edge, SRS transfers the energy from non-frequency shift component to frequency shift component, which is opposite to that at the rear edge. At the front edge, SRS accelerates the shrinking process of the non-frequency shift component, while it slows down the shrinking process at the rear edge. And this asymmetric effect is more obvious when the peak power of the pulse is higher and SRS is more efficient. The evolution of the non-frequency shift components of chirped pulses propagating in the normal dispersion region is studied. Comparing with the unchirped pulse, the non-frequency shift components at the front and rear edge of the chirped pulse have different wavelengths. For the negative chirped pulse, the wavelength spacing between the overlapped frequency-shift components and non-frequency shift components is larger, which is easier to satisfy the SRS gain range. Therefore, the evolution of non-frequency-shift components at the front and rear edge of the negative chirped pulse are more asymmetric due to the higher SRS efficiency. For positive chirped pulses, the wavelength spacing between the overlapped components is difficult to satisfy the SRS gain range. The evolution of non-frequency-shift components in the positive chirped pulses is more symmetrical due to the lower SRS efficiency.
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Keywords:
- supercontinuum /
- nonlinear fiber optics /
- stimulated Raman scattering /
- cross-phase modulation
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图 1 忽略噪声时输入脉冲不同峰值功率条件下, 光脉冲在HNLF 200, 400和600 m处的时谱图
Figure 1. Spectrograms at 200, 400 and 600 m of HNLF with different input peak powers when the noise is ignored.
图 2 脉冲峰值功率和脉宽为30 W 和1.5 ps 时, 无噪声(第一行)和有噪声(第二行)情况下在光纤200, 400和600 m处的时谱图
Figure 2. Spectrograms at 200, 400 m and 600 m of HNLF without noise (row 1) and with noise (row 2), when the peak power and pulse width are 30 W and 1.5 ps.
图 3 脉冲峰值功率50 W时不同光纤参数下光脉冲在HNLF 600 m处的时谱图
Figure 3. Spectrograms with different third-order dispersion coefficients and with/without SRS at 600 m of HNLF when peak power is 50 W.
图 4 脉冲和连续光一同进入HNFL时不同位置的时谱图
Figure 4. Spectrograms of CW and pulse light propagating in HNLF.
图 5 不同初始啁啾脉冲在HNLF中0, 100, 400和600 m处的时谱图
Figure 5. Spectrograms at the length of 0 m, 100 m, 400 m, 600 m of HNLF with different C.
图 6 不同初始啁啾脉冲在HNLF中100, 600 m处的波形和光谱
Figure 6. Waveforms and spectra with different C, at l00 and 600 m of HNLF.
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[1] Nguyen-The Q, Matsuura M, Kishi N 2014 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26 1882
Google Scholar
[2] Peacock A C, Campling J, Runge A F J, Ren H, Shen L, Aktas O, Horak P, Healy N, Gibson U J, Ballato J 2018 IEEE J. Select. Top. Quantum Electron. 24 3
Google Scholar
[3] Takada K, Yamada H, Okamoto K 1999 Electron. Lett. 35 824
Google Scholar
[4] Hu H 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Connecticut: University of Connecticut)
[5] Yang T, Dong J, Liao S, Huang D, Zhang X 2013 Opt. Express 21 8508
Google Scholar
[6] Ohara T, Takara H, Yamamoto T, Masuda H, Morioka T, Abe M, Takahashi H 2006 J. Lightw. Technol. 24 2311
Google Scholar
[7] Yu S, Bao F, Hu H 2018 IEEE Photon. J. 10 1
[8] Wu R, Torres-Company V, Leaird D E, Weiner A M 2013 Opt. Express 21 6045
Google Scholar
[9] Husakou A V, Herrmann J 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 203901
Google Scholar
[10] 刘楚 2012 博士学位论文(北京: 北京交通大学)
Liu C 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University) (in Chinese)
[11] Dudley J M, Genty G, Coen S 2006 Rev. Mod. Phys. 78 1135
Google Scholar
[12] Hilligsøe K M, Andersen T V, Paulsen H N, Nielsen C K, Mølmer K, Keiding S, Kristiansen R, Hansen K P, Larsen J J 2004 Opt. Express 12 1045
Google Scholar
[13] Gu X, Kimmel M, Shreenath A, Trebino R, Dudley J, Coen S, Windeler R 2003 Opt. Express 11 2697
Google Scholar
[14] Agrawal G P 2006 Nonlinear Fiber Optics (4th Ed.) (San Diego: Claif) p31
[15] Kawanishi S, Takara H, Uchiyama K, Shake I, Mori K 1999 Electron. Lett. 35 826
Google Scholar
[16] Tomlinson W J, Stolen R H, Johnson A M 1985 Opt. Lett. 10 457
Google Scholar
[17] Finot C, Kibler B, Provost L, Wabnitz S 2008 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25 1938
Google Scholar
[18] Heidt A M, Hartung A, Bartelt H 2016 Generation of Ultrashort and Coherent Supercontinuum Light Pulses in All-Normal Dispersion Fibers (Berlin: Springer) pp 247－280
[19] Grischkowsky D, Courtens E, Armstrong J A 1973 Phys. Rev. Lett. 31 422
Google Scholar
[20] Lin Q, Agrawal G P 2006 Opt. Lett. 31 3086
Google Scholar
[21] Cristiani I, Tediosi R, Tartara L, Degiorgio V 2004 Opt. Express 12 124
Google Scholar
[22] Zhang Z, Chen L, Bao X 2010 Opt. Express 18 8261
Google Scholar
[23] Hult J 2007 IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 25 3770
Google Scholar
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