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Quantum signature is quantum counterpart of classical digital signature, which has been widely applied to modern communication, such as electronic payment, electronic voting and electronic medical, owing to its great implication in ensuring the authenticity and the integrity of the message and the non-repudiation. Arbitrated quantum signature (AQS) is an important and practical type of quantum signature. The AQS algorithm is a symmetric key cryptography-based quantum signature algorithm, and its implementation requires the trusted arbitrator to be directly involved. In this paper, employing the key-controlled chained CNOT (KCCC) operation as the appropriate encryption (decryption) algorithm, we suggest an AQS scheme based on teleportation of quantum walks with two coins on a four-vertex cycle, which is used to transfer the message copy from the sender to the receiver. In light of the model of teleportation of quantum walks, the sender encodes the message to be signed into her or his coin state, and the necessary entangled states can be created as a result of the conditional shift between the coin state and the position state. The measurements performed on the generated entangled states are the bases of signature production and message recovery. Then according to the classical measurement results from the sender, the receiver performs the appropriate local unitary operations (i.e., Pauli operations) on his own coin state to recover the original message and further verifies the validity of the completed signature by using the appropriate verification algorithms under the aid of the trustworthy arbitrator. The suggested AQS scheme makes the following contributions: 1) the necessary entangled states for quantum teleportation of message copy do not need preparing in advance, and they can be produced automatically by the first step of quantum walks; 2) the scheme satisfies the features of non-repudiation, un-forgeability and non-disavowal due to the use of the KCCC operation; 3) the scheme may be achieved by linear optical elements such as beam splitters, wave plates, etc., because quantum walks have proven to be realizable in different physical systems and experiments. Analysis and discussion show that the proposed AQS scheme possesses the impossibility of disavowals by the signer and the receiver and impossibility of forgeries by anyone. Comparisons reveal that the designed AQS protocol is favorable. Furthermore, it provides an idea by employing the quantum computing model into quantum communication protocols with a possible improvement with respect to its favorable properties, for example, the automatic generation of entangled states via the first step of quantum walks on different models. In the near future, we will further investigate the production of entanglement by quantum walks and its applications with some improvements in designing the quantum communication protocols. -
Keywords:
- quantum cryptography /
- arbitrated quantum signature /
- quantum walk-based teleportation /
- key-controlled chained CNOT operation
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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图 1 具有四个顶点的环及其相移规则
Figure 1. Shift regulations on a cycle with four vertexes.
图 2 两个硬币的环上的量子游走线路原理图
Figure 2. Circuit diagram of quantum walks on cycles with two coins.
图 3 签名方案原理图(QKD代表量子密钥分发)
Figure 3. Schematic of the suggested arbitrated quantum signature scheme. QKD is short for quantum key distribution.
图 4 n = 50, 100, 150三种情况下Alice成功抵赖签名的概率
${P_{{\rm{disavowal}}}}(m)$ Figure 4. Alice’s disavowal probability
${P_{{\rm{disavowal}}}}(m)$ as a function of the amount m of the disavowed qubit in the signature state$|{S_a}\rangle $ for the respective$n = 50$ ,$n = 100$ and$n = 150$ .表 1 测量结果与对应的恢复操作
Table 1. Measurement outcomes and the corresponding recovery operations.
A2和A1的测量结果 幺正操作 2, 1 I 2, –1 Z 0, 1 X 0, –1 $ZX$ 
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[1] Meijer H, Akl S 1981 ACM SIGCOMM Comp. Com. 11 37
Google Scholar
[2] Zeng G, Keitel C H 2002 Phys. Rev. A 65 042312
Google Scholar
[3] Nielsen M A, Chuang I, Grover L K 2002 Am. J. Phys. 70 558
Google Scholar
[4] Guo Y, Xie C L, Liao Q, Zhao W, Zeng G H, Huang D 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 022320
Google Scholar
[5] Guo Y, Liao Q, Wang Y, Wang Y J, Huang D, Huang P, Zeng G H 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 032304
Google Scholar
[6] Xu G, Chen X B, Dou Z, Yang Y X, Li Z 2015 Quantum Inf. Process. 14 2959
Google Scholar
[7] Chen X B, Sun Y R, Xu G, Jia H Y, Qu Z, Yang Y X 2017 Quantum Inf. Process. 16 244
Google Scholar
[8] Chen X B, Tang X, Xu G, Dou Z, Chen Y L, Yang Y X 2018 Quantum Inf. Process. 17 225
Google Scholar
[9] Curty M, Lütkenhaus N 2008 Phys. Rev. A 77 046301
Google Scholar
[10] Zeng G 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 016301
Google Scholar
[11] Li Q, Chan W H, Long D Y 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 054307
Google Scholar
[12] Zou X, Qiu D 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 042325
Google Scholar
[13] Gao F, Qin S J, Guo F Z, Wen Q Y 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 022344
Google Scholar
[14] Choi J W, Chang K Y, Hong D 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 062330
Google Scholar
[15] 张骏, 吴吉义 2013 北京邮电大学学报 36 113
Zhang J, Wu J Y 2013 J. Beijing Univ. Posts Telecommun. 36 113
[16] Li F G, Shi J H 2015 Quantum Inf. Process. 14 2171
Google Scholar
[17] Yang Y G, Lei H, Liu Z C, Zhou Y H, Shi W M 2016 Quantum Inf. Process. 15 2487
Google Scholar
[18] Zhang L, Sun H W, Zhang K J, Jia H Y 2017 Quantum Inf. Process. 16 70
Google Scholar
[19] Zhang Y, Zeng J 2018 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57 994
Google Scholar
[20] Guo Y, Feng Y Y, Huang D Z, Shi J J 2016 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55 2290
Google Scholar
[21] Feng Y Y, Shi R H, Guo Y 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 020302
Google Scholar
[22] Aharonov Y, Davidovich L, Zagury N 1993 Phys. Rev. A 48 1687
Google Scholar
[23] Venegas-Andraca S E 2012 Quantum Inf. Process. 11 1015
Google Scholar
[24] Kempe J 2003 Contemp. Phys. 44 307
Google Scholar
[25] Wang Y, Shang Y, Xue P 2017 Quantum Inf. Process. 16 221
Google Scholar
[26] Shang Y, Wang Y, Li M, Lu R Q 2019 EPL- Europhys. Lett. 124 60009
Google Scholar
[27] Chen X B, Wang Y L, Xu G, Yang Y X 2019 IEEE Access 7 13634
Google Scholar
[28] Zou X, Dong Y, Guo G 2006 New J. Phys. 8 81
Google Scholar
[29] Bian Z H, Li J, Zhan X, Twamley J, Xue P 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 052338
Google Scholar
[30] Tang H, Lin X F, Feng Z, Chen J Y, Gao J, Sun K, Wang C Y, Lai P C, Xu X Y, Wang Y, Qiao L F, Yang A L, Jin X M 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 eaat3174
Google Scholar
[31] Aharonov D, Ambainis A, Kempe J, Vazirani U 2001 Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing New York, USA, 2001 p50
[32] Xue P, Zhang R, Qin H, Zhan X, Bian Z H, Li J, Sanders Barry C 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 140502
Google Scholar
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