Recent progress of near-field studies of two-dimensional polaritonics

Duan Jia-Hua; Chen Jia-Ning

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190341

Abstract

Due to the capability of nanoscale manipulation of photons and tunability of light-matter interaction, polaritonics has attracted much attention in the modern physics. Compared with traditional noble metals, two-dimensional van der Waals materials provide an ideal platform for polaritons with high confinement and tunability. Recently, the development of scanning near-field optical microscopy has revealed various polaritons, thereby paving the way for further studying the quantum physics and nano-photonics. In this review paper, we summarize the new developments in two-dimensional polaritonics by near-field optical approach. According to the introduction of near-field optics and its basic principle, we show several important directions in near-field developments of two-dimensional polaritonics, including plasmon polaritons, phonon polaritons, exciton polaritons, hybridized polaritons, etc. In the final part, we give the perspectives in development of near-field optics.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Beijing 100190, China
4.
Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China

Corresponding author: Chen Jia-Ning, jnchen@iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0203500), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11874407), and the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Science (Grant No. XDB 30000000).

FullText HTML : translate this paragraph

References

[1]	Rayleigh L 1903 J. Soc. Dyers and Colour. 23 447
[2]	Synge E H 1928 Philosophical Magazine Series 6 356 Google Scholar
[3]	Opower H 1999 Opt. Laser Technol. 504 613
[4]	Wessel J E 1985 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys. 2 1538 Google Scholar
[5]	Courjon D, Bainier C 2003 Rep. Prog. Phys. 57 989
[6]	Losquin A, Lummen T T A 2017 Frontiers of Physics in China 12 127301
[7]	Spektor G, Kilbane D, Mahro A, Frank B, Ristok S, Gal L, Kahl P, Podbiel D, Mathias S, Giessen H 2017 Science 355 1187 Google Scholar
[8]	Man K L, Altman M S 2012 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 24 314209 Google Scholar
[9]	Vesseur E J R, de Waele R, Kuttge, Martin, Polman A 2007 Nano Lett. 7 2843 Google Scholar
[10]	Nelayah J, Kociak M, Stephan O, de Abajo F J G , Tence M, Henrard L, Taverna D, Pastorizasantos I, Lizmarzan L M, Colliex C 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 348 Google Scholar
[11]	Govyadinov A A, Konecna A, Chuvilin A, Velez S, Dolado I, Nikitin A Y, Lopatin S, Casanova F, Hueso L E, Aizpurua J 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 95 Google Scholar
[12]	Raza S, Esfandyarpour M, Koh A L, Mortensen N A, Brongersma M L, Bozhevolnyi S I 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13790 Google Scholar
[13]	Schoen D T, Holsteen A L, Brongersma M L 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 12162 Google Scholar
[14]	Hillenbrand R, Keilmann F, Hanarp P, Sutherland D S, Aizpurua J 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 368 Google Scholar
[15]	Wurtz G, Bachelot R, Royer P 1998 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69 1735 Google Scholar
[16]	Dorfmüller J, Vogelgesang R, Weitz R T, Rockstuhl C, Etrich C, Pertsch T, Lederer F, Kern K 2009 Nano Lett. 9 2372 Google Scholar
[17]	Cvitkovic A, Ocelic N, Hillenbrand R 2007 Nano Lett. 7 3177 Google Scholar
[18]	Hillenbrand R, Keilmann F 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3029 Google Scholar
[19]	Hillenbrand R, Taubner T, Keilmann F 2002 Nature 418 159 Google Scholar
[20]	Andryieuski A, Zenin V A, Malureanu R, Volkov V S, Bozhevolnyi S I, Lavrinenko A V 2014 Nano Lett. 14 3925 Google Scholar
[21]	Gjonaj B, David A, Blau Y, Spektor G, Orenstein M, Dolev S, Bartal G 2014 Nano Lett. 14 5598 Google Scholar
[22]	Grefe S E, Leiva D, Mastel S, Dhuey S D, Cabrini S, Schuck P J, Abate Y 2013 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 18944 Google Scholar
[23]	Chen J, Albella P, Pirzadeh Z, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Huth F, Bonetti S, Bonanni V, Akerman J, Nogues J, Vavassori P, Dmitriev A, Aizpurua J, Hillenbrand R 2011 Small 7 2341 Google Scholar
[24]	Schnell M, Garcia-Etxarri A, Alkorta J, Aizpurua J, Hillenbrand R 2010 Nano Lett. 10 3524 Google Scholar
[25]	Huth F, Chuvilin A, Schnell M, Amenabar I, Krutokhvostov R, Lopatin S, Hillenbrand R 2013 Nano Lett. 13 1065 Google Scholar
[26]	Mastel S, Lundeberg M B, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Gao Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hone J, Koppens F H L, Nikitin A Y, Hillenbrand R 2017 Nano Lett. 17 6526 Google Scholar
[27]	Low T, Chaves A, Caldwell J D, Kumar A, Fang N X, Avouris P, Heinz T F, Guinea F, Martin-Moreno L, Koppens F 2016 Nat. Mater. 16 182
[28]	Basov D N, Averitt R D, Hsieh D 2017 Nat. Mater. 16 1077 Google Scholar
[29]	Basov D N, Fogler M M, de Abajo F J G 2016 Science 354 6309
[30]	Betzig E, Trautman J K, Harris T D, Weiner J S, Kostelak R L 1991 Science 251 1468 Google Scholar
[31]	Betzig E, Trautman J K 1992 Science 257 189 Google Scholar
[32]	Gao F, Li X, Wang J, Fu Y 2014 Ultramicroscopy 142 10 Google Scholar
[33]	Hillenbrand R, Knoll B, Keilmann F 2001 J. Microsc. 202 77 Google Scholar
[34]	Labardi M, Patane S, Allegrini M 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 621 Google Scholar
[35]	Burresi M, Engelen R, Opheij A, van Oosten D, Mori D, Baba T, Kuipers L 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 033902 Google Scholar
[36]	Feber B L, Rotenberg N, Beggs D M, Kuipers L 2013 Nat. Photonics 8 43
[37]	Kim Z H, Leone S R 2008 Opt. Express 16 1733 Google Scholar
[38]	Kim D, Heo J, Ahn S, Han S W, Yun W S, Kim Z H 2009 Nano Lett. 9 3619 Google Scholar
[39]	Habteyes T G, Dhuey S, Kiesow K I, Vold A 2013 Opt. Express 21 21607 Google Scholar
[40]	Sadiq D, Shirdel J, Lee J S, Selishcheva E, Park N, Lienau C 2011 Nano Lett. 11 1609 Google Scholar
[41]	Ropers C, Neacsu C C, Elsaesser T, Albrecht M, Raschke M B, Lienau C 2007 Nano Lett. 7 2784 Google Scholar
[42]	Ocelic N, Huber A J, Hillenbrand R 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 101124 Google Scholar
[43]	Stefanon I, Blaize S, Bruyant A, Aubert S, Lerondel G, Bachelot R, Royer P 2005 Opt. Express 13 5553 Google Scholar
[44]	Novotny L, Bian R X, Xie X S 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 645 Google Scholar
[45]	Noguez C 2007 J. Phys. Chem. C 111 3806 Google Scholar
[46]	Meng L, Yang Z, Chen J, Sun M 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 9240 Google Scholar
[47]	García-Etxarri A, Romero I, de Abajo F J G, Hillenbrand R, Aizpurua J 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79
[48]	Rang M, Jones A C, Zhou F, Li Z, Wiley B J, Xia Y, Raschke M B 2008 Nano Lett. 8 3357 Google Scholar
[49]	Esteban R, Vogelgesang R, Dorfmuller J, Dmitriev A, Rockstuhl C, Etrich C, Kern K 2008 Nano Lett. 8 3155 Google Scholar
[50]	Neuman T, Alonso-González P, Garcia-Etxarri A, Schnell M, Hillenbrand R, Aizpurua J 2015 Laser Photonics Rev. 9 637 Google Scholar
[51]	Burresi M, van Oosten D, Kampfrath T, Schoenmaker H, Heideman R, Leinse A, Kuipers L 2009 Science 326 550 Google Scholar
[52]	Ahn J, Kihm H W, Kihm J E, Kim D S, Lee K 2009 Opt. Express 17 2280 Google Scholar
[53]	Wei H, Zhang S, Tian X, Xu H 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 4494 Google Scholar
[54]	Zhang S, Wei H, Bao K, Hakanson U, Halas N J, Nordlander P, Xu H 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 096801 Google Scholar
[55]	Koppens F H L, Chang D, de Abajo F J G 2011 Nano Lett. 11 3370 Google Scholar
[56]	Dai S, Fei Z, Ma Q, Rodin A S, Wagner M, McLeod A S, Liu M K, Gannett W, Regan W, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Thiemens M, Dominguez G, Castro Neto A H, Zettl A, Keilmann F, Jarillo-Herrero P, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2014 Science 343 1125 Google Scholar
[57]	Sanvitto D, Kéna-Cohen S 2016 Nat. Mater. 15 1061 Google Scholar
[58]	Woessner A, Parret R, Davydovskaya D, Gao Y, Wu J S, Lundeberg M B, Nanot S, Alonso-González P, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hillenbrand R, Fogler M M, Hone J, Koppens F H L 2017 npj 2D Mater. Appl. 1 25 Google Scholar
[59]	Kumar A, Low T, Fung K H, Avouris P, Fang N X 2015 Nano Lett. 15 3172 Google Scholar
[60]	Woessner A, Misra A, Cao Y, Torre I, Mishchenko A, Lundeberg M B, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Polini M, Novoselov K S, Koppens F H L 2017 ACS Photonics 4 3012 Google Scholar
[61]	Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Katsnelson M I, Grigorieva I V, Dubonos S V, Firsov A A 2005 Nature 438 197 Google Scholar
[62]	Nair R R, Blake P, Grigorenko A N, Novoselov K S, Booth T J, Stauber T, Peres N M, Geim A K 2008 Science 320 1308 Google Scholar
[63]	Guo Q, Li C, Deng B, Yuan S, Guinea F, Xia F 2017 ACS Photonics 4 2989 Google Scholar
[64]	Castro Neto A H, Guinea F, Peres N M R, Novoselov K S, Geim A K 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 109 Google Scholar
[65]	Yan H, Low T, Zhu W, Wu Y, Freitag M, Li X, Guinea F, Avouris P, Xia F 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 394 Google Scholar
[66]	Yan H, Li X, Chandra B, Tulevski G, Wu Y, Freitag M, Zhu W, Avouris P, Xia F 2012 Nat. Nanotechnol. 7 330 Google Scholar
[67]	Fei Z, Andreev G O, Bao W, Zhang L M, Wang C, Stewart M K, Zhao Z, Dominguez G, Thiemens M, Fogler M M, Tauber M J, Castro-Neto A H, Lau C N, Keilmann F, Basov D N 2011 Nano Lett. 11 4701 Google Scholar
[68]	Chen J, Badioli M, Alonso-González P, Thongrattanasiri S, Huth F, Osmond J, Spasenović M, Centeno A, Pesquera A, Godignon P, Zurutuza Elorza A, Camara N, de Abajo F J G, Hillenbrand R, Koppens F H L 2012 Nature 487 77 Google Scholar
[69]	Fei Z, Rodin A S, Andreev G O, Bao W, McLeod A S, Wagner M, Zhang L M, Zhao Z, Thiemens M, Dominguez G, Fogler M M, Neto A H C, Lau C N, Keilmann F, Basov D N 2012 Nature 487 82 Google Scholar
[70]	Ni G X, McLeod A S, Sun Z, Wang L, Xiong L, Post K W, Sunku S S, Jiang B Y, Hone J, Dean C R, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2018 Nature 557 530 Google Scholar
[71]	Fei Z, Foley J J, Gannett W, Liu M K, Dai S, Ni G X, Zettl A, Fogler M M, Wiederrecht G P, Gray S K, Basov D N 2016 Nano Lett. 16 7842 Google Scholar
[72]	Hu F, Luan Y, Fei Z, Palubski I Z, Goldflam M D, Dai S, Wu J S, Post K W, Janssen G, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2017 Nano Lett. 17 5423 Google Scholar
[73]	Duan J, Chen R, Chen J 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 117802 Google Scholar
[74]	Nikitin A, Alonso-González P, Vélez S, Mastel S, Centeno A, Pesquera A, Zurutuza A, Casanova F, Hueso L, Koppens F 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 239 Google Scholar
[75]	Fei Z, Goldflam M D, Wu J S, Dai S, Wagner M, McLeod A S, Liu M K, Post K W, Zhu S, Janssen G C A M, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2015 Nano Lett. 15 8271 Google Scholar
[76]	Bezares F J, de Sanctis A, Saavedra J R M, Woessner A, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Amenabar I, Chen J, Bointon T, Dai S, Fogler M M, Basov D N, Hillenbrand R, Craciun M F, de Abajo F J G, Russo S, Koppens F H L 2017 Nano Lett. 17 5908 Google Scholar
[77]	Fei Z, Iwinski E G, Ni G X, Zhang L M, Bao W, Rodin A S, Lee Y, Wagner M, Liu M K, Dai S, Goldflam M D, Thiemens M, Keilmann F, Lau C N, Castro-Neto A H, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2015 Nano Lett. 15 4973 Google Scholar
[78]	Woessner A, Gao Y, Torre I, Lundeberg M B, Tan C, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hillenbrand R, Hone J, Polini M, Koppens F H L 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 421 Google Scholar
[79]	Dai S, Ma Q, Liu M K, Andersen T, Fei Z, Goldflam M D, Wagner M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Thiemens M, Keilmann F, Janssen G C, Zhu S E, Jarillo-Herrero P, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 682 Google Scholar
[80]	Caldwell J D, Kretinin A V, Chen Y, Giannini V, Fogler M M, Francescato Y, Ellis C T, Tischler J G, Woods C R, Giles A J, Hong M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Maier S A, Novoselov K S 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5221 Google Scholar
[81]	Liu Z, Lee H, Xiong Y, Sun C, Zhang X 2007 Science 315 1686 Google Scholar
[82]	Yao J, Liu Z, Liu Y, Wang Y, Sun C, Bartal G, Stacy A M, Zhang X 2008 Science 321 930 Google Scholar
[83]	Yang X, Yao J, Rho J, Yin X, Zhang X 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 450 Google Scholar
[84]	Hoffman A J, Alekseyev L, Howard S S, Franz K J, Wasserman D, Podolskiy V A, Narimanov E E, Sivco D L, Gmachl C 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 946 Google Scholar
[85]	Kim J, Drachev V P, Jacob Z, Naik G V, Boltasseva A, Narimanov E E, Shalaev V M 2012 Opt. Express 20 8100 Google Scholar
[86]	High A A, Devlin R C, Dibos A, Polking M, Wild D S, Perczel J, de Leon N P, Lukin M D, Park H 2015 Nature 522 192 Google Scholar
[87]	Liu Y, Zhang X 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 141101 Google Scholar
[88]	Li P, Dolado I, Alfaro-Mozaz F J, Casanova F, Hueso L E, Liu S, Edgar J H, Nikitin A Y, Velez S, Hillenbrand R 2018 Science 359 892 Google Scholar
[89]	Ma W, Gonzalez P A, Li S, Nikitin A Y, Yuan J, Sanchez J M, Gutierrez J T, Amenabar I, Li P, Velez S, Tollan C, Dai Z, Zhang Y, Sriram S, Zadeh K K, Lee S T, Hillenbrand R, Bao Q 2018 Nature 562 557 Google Scholar
[90]	Li P, Dolado I, Alfaro-Mozaz F J, Nikitin A Y, Casanova F, Hueso L E, Velez S, Hillenbrand R 2017 Nano Lett. 17 228 Google Scholar
[91]	Dai S, Tymchenko M, Yang Y, Ma Q, Pita-Vidal M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Jarillo-Herrero P, Fogler M, Alù A 2017 Adv. Mater. 30 1706358
[92]	Li P, Lewin M, Kretinin A V, Caldwell J D, Novoselov K S, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Gaussmann F, Taubner T 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7507 Google Scholar
[93]	Dai S, Ma Q, Andersen T, McLeod A S, Fei Z, Liu M K, Wagner M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Thiemens M, Keilmann F, Jarillo-Herrero P, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 6963 Google Scholar
[94]	Alfaro-Mozaz F J, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Velez S, Dolado I, Autore M, Mastel S, Casanova F, Hueso L E, Li P, Nikitin A Y, Hillenbrand R 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15624 Google Scholar
[95]	Hu D, Yang X, Li C, Liu R, Yao Z, Hu H, Corder S N G, Chen J, Sun Z, Liu M, Dai Q 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 1471 Google Scholar
[96]	Fei Z, Scott M E, Gosztola D J, Foley J J, Yan J, Mandrus D G, Wen H, Zhou P, Zhang D W, Sun Y, Guest J R, Gray S K, Bao W, Wiederrecht G P, Xu X 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 081402 Google Scholar
[97]	Hu F, Luan Y, Scott M E, Yan J, Mandrus D G, Xu X, Fei Z 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 356 Google Scholar
[98]	Woessner A, Lundeberg M B, Gao Y, Principi A, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Carrega M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Vignale G, Polini M, Hone J, Hillenbrand R, Koppens F H 2015 Nat. Mater. 14 421 Google Scholar
[99]	Yang X, Zhai F, Hu H, Hu D, Liu R, Zhang S, Sun M, Sun Z, Chen J, Dai Q 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 2931 Google Scholar
[100]	Yoxall E, Schnell M, Nikitin A Y, Txoperena O, Woessner A, Lundeberg M B, Casanova F, Hueso L E, Koppens F H L, Hillenbrand R 2015 Nat. Photonics 9 674 Google Scholar
[101]	Eisele M, Cocker T L, Huber M A, Plankl M, Viti L, Ercolani D, Sorba L, Vitiello M S, Huber R 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 841 Google Scholar
[102]	Huber M A, Plankl M, Eisele M, Marvel R E, Sandner F, Korn T, Schuller C, Haglund R F, Huber R, Cocker T L 2016 Nano Lett. 16 1421 Google Scholar
[103]	Wagner M, Fei Z, McLeod A S, Rodin A S, Bao W, Iwinski E G, Zhao Z, Goldflam M, Liu M, Dominguez G, Thiemens M, Fogler M M, Castro Neto A H, Lau C N, Amarie S, Keilmann F, Basov D N 2014 Nano Lett. 14 894 Google Scholar
[104]	Ni G X, Wang L, Goldflam M D, Wagner M, Fei Z, McLeod A S, Liu M K, Keilmann F, Özyilmaz B, Castro Neto A H, Hone J, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 244 Google Scholar
[105]	Hu H, Yang X, Zhai F, Hu D, Liu R, Liu K, Sun Z, Dai Q 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 12334 Google Scholar
[106]	Amenabar I, Poly S, Goikoetxea M, Nuansing W, Lasch P, Hillenbrand R 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 14402 Google Scholar
[107]	Amenabar I, Poly S, Nuansing W, Hubrich E H, Govyadinov A A, Huth F, Krutokhvostov R, Zhang L, Knez M, Heberle J, Bittner A M, Hillenbrand R 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2890 Google Scholar
[108]	Dominguez G, McLeod A S, Gainsforth Z, Kelly P, Bechtel H A, Keilmann F, Westphal A, Thiemens M, Basov D N 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5445 Google Scholar
[109]	Westermeier C, Cernescu A, Amarie S, Liewald C, Keilmann F, Nickel B 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4101 Google Scholar
[110]	Lucas I T, McLeod A S, Syzdek J S, Middlemiss D S, Grey C P, Basov D N, Kostecki R 2015 Nano Lett. 15 1 Google Scholar
[111]	Huth F, Govyadinov A, Amarie S, Nuansing W, Keilmann F, Hillenbrand R 2012 Nano Lett. 12 3973 Google Scholar
[112]	Alonso-González P, Nikitin A Y, Golmar F, Centeno A, Pesquera A, Vélez S, Chen J, Navickaite G, Koppens F, Zurutuza A 2014 Science 344 1369 Google Scholar
[113]	Duan J, Chen R, Li J, Jin K, Sun Z, Chen J 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1702494 Google Scholar
[114]	Zhao Y, Tang Y, Chen Y 2012 ACS Nano 6 6912 Google Scholar
[115]	Nudnova M M, Sigg J, Wallimann P, Zenobi R 2015 Anal. Chem. 87 1323 Google Scholar
[116]	Lee K G, Kihm H W, Kihm J E, Choi W J, Kim H, Ropers C, Park D J, Yoon Y C, Choi S B, Woo D H, Kim J, Lee B, Park Q H, Lienau C, Kim D S 2007 Nat. Photonics 1 53 Google Scholar
[117]	Rotenberg N, Kuipers L 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 919 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 近场光学成像原理图　(a)近场成像和远场成像的比较: 远场光学中物体的点扩散函数由传统衍射极限决定, 而近场光学中物体的点扩散函数由探针尺寸决定; (b)近场光学突破衍射极限的不确定原理解释

Figure 1. Schematic of near-field optics. (a) Comparison between far-field and near-field optics. The point spread function in far-field optics is determined by the diffraction limit, while the spatial resolution in near-field optics is determined by the size of probe.(b) Explanation of breaking the diffraction limit in near-field optics based on uncertainty principle.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 光发射电子显微镜(PEEM)、阴极荧光光谱(CL)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)、扫描式近场光学显微镜(SNOM)等不同纳米级成像技术之间的对比

Figure 2. Comparison of four classical sub-wavelength approaches, including photon emission electron microscopy (PEEM), cathode-luminescence spectroscopy (CL), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 SNOM实验原理　(a) 孔径型SNOM照射原理; (b) 散射型SNOM照射原理

Figure 3. Experimental scheme of SNOM: (a) The illumination scheme of a-SNOM; (b) the illumination scheme of s-SNOM.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 近场光学成像中金属探针和介质探针的比较　(a) 金纳米圆盘的形貌像和光学像, 分别由碳纳米管探针(CNT)和金属探针扫描所得^[47], 标尺为100 nm; (b) 不同探针尖端局域电磁场的数值模拟结果

Figure 4. The influence of AFM tip in near-field measurement: (a) Topography and near-field amplitude of a gold nanodisk obtained by carbon nanotube (CNT) tip and Pt-coated Si tip^[47], the scale bar is 100 nm; (b) the numerical simulation of local electric field between AFM tip and substrate.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 低维体系中的极化激元. 极化激元是光子和其他粒子或准粒子耦合后产生的一种玻色子, 包括富电子体系中的等离极化激元、极化晶体中的声子极化激元、半导体中的激子极化激元、超导体中的库珀对极化激元、铁磁体中的磁振子极化激元以及异质结中的杂化极化激元

Figure 5. Polaritons in low-dimensional materials. Polaritons are collective excitation from coupling photons with other quasiparticles, such as plasmons in electron-rich systems, infrared-active phonons in polar insulators, excitons in semiconductors, cooper-pairs in superconductors, spin resonances in (anti)-ferromagnets and hybrids in heterostructures.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 石墨烯中的表面等离极化激元　(a) 单层石墨烯中狄拉克等离激元的近场光谱测量及其色散的理论计算结果^[67]; (b) 石墨烯等离激元的红外近场光学图像^[68], 入射光波长为9.7 μm; (c) 液氮温区下石墨烯等离激元的近场光学图像^[70], 入射光波长为11.28 μm; (d) 石墨烯纳米泡中等离激元局域“热点”^[71], 入射频率为910 cm^–1; (e) 石墨烯纳米带中等离激元传播态和局域态之间耦合产生的近场光学强度非对称现象^[72], 入射频率为1184 cm^–1; (f) 石墨烯方形谐振腔中等离激元一维边界模式和二维模式的近场光学测量及其数值模拟结果^[74], 入射光波长为11.31 μm; (g) 石墨烯纳米条带中等离激元一维边界模式的近场光学成像^[75], 入射光频率为1160 cm^–1(图(c) 中标尺为1 μm, 其他图中标尺均为200 nm)

Figure 6. Surface plasmon polaritons in monolayer graphene: (a) Near-field spectroscopic measurement and theoretically calculated dispersion of Dirac plasmons in monolayer graphene^[67]; (b) s-SNOM scheme (upper), experimental amplitude of graphene plasmons (middle) and calculated local density of optical states (bottom)^[68], the incident wavelength is 9.7 μm; (c) nano-image of graphene plasmons launched by gold antenna under liquid-nitrogen temperature, the incident wavelength is 11.28 μm^[70]; (d) plasmonic hot-spots inside graphene nanobubbles on boron nitride substrate^[71], the incident frequency is 910 cm^–1; (e) asymmetric plasmonic fringes induced by superposition of propagating and localized modes in graphene nanoribbons^[72], the incident frequency is 1184 cm^–1; (f) experimental (left) and calculated (right) near-field amplitude of graphene rectangle resonators, representing 1D edge mode and 2D sheet mode^[74], the incident wavelength is 11.31 μm; (g) edge plasmons at the top boundary of graphene nanoribbons^[75], the incident frequency is 1160 cm^–1. Scale bars in all panels represent 200 nm, except for 1 μm in (c).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 双层石墨烯中的等离激元　(a) 左: 单层石墨烯和双层石墨烯中等离激元随施加电压的变化趋势; 右: 双层石墨烯中光电导随电压变化趋势的理论计算结果, 图中箭头表示等离激元关闭区域^[77]; (b) 随机堆叠型(左) 和Bernal堆叠型(右) 双层石墨烯中等离激元与声子之间相互耦合作用的近场光学测量^[76]. 散点代表实验数据, 背景色为菲涅耳反射系数虚部的理论计算结果. 内插图为石墨烯等离激元的近场光学图像

Figure 7. Plasmon polaritons in bilayer graphene: (a) Left panel: experimental measurement of voltage-dependent plasmonic wavelength in monolayer (SLG) and bilayer (BLG) graphene. Right panel: Theoretical calculation of voltage- and frequency-dependent imaginary part of the optical conductivity. The double-headed arrows indicate plasmon-off region of bilayer graphene^[77]; (b) near-field study of interaction between plasmons and intrinsic phonons in highly doped double-layer (left) and bilayer graphene (right)^[76]. The dispersed symbols represent experimental data and background color indicates the imaginary part of the calculated Fresnel reflection coefficient. Inset: representative near-field images of graphene plasmons and corresponding symmetry of phonon-induced charge densities.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 石墨烯等离激元的应用　(a) 基于石墨烯等离激元的红外光相位调制器^[78], 上图为实验原理图, 下图为$0—2{\text{π}}$的相位调制, 实线为理论计算结果, 散点为实验数据; (b) 石墨烯/氮化硼中的杂化极化激元^[79]上图为杂化极化激元和氮化硼声子极化激元的光学图像, 下图为杂化极化激元的电压调控 (入射光频率为1495 cm^–1, 标尺为300 nm)

Figure 8. The applications of graphene plasmons: (a) Phase control of infrared light by gate-tunable graphene plasmons^[78]. Upper panel: schematic of experimental configuration. Bottom panel: Theoretical (solid lines) and experimental (dispersed circles) phase shift, which can be changed from 0 to $2{\text{π}}$; (b) hybridized polaritons in graphene/hBN heterostructures^[79]. Upper panel: With monolayer graphene, both amplitude and wavelength of phonon polaritons in pristine hBN increase. Bottom panel: The gate-tunable hyperbolic phonon-plasmon polaritons (HP³) in graphene/hBN and un-tunable hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HP²) in hBN. The incident frequency is 1495 cm^–1. Scale bar, 300 nm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 氮化硼中双曲线型声子极化激元　(a) 天然氮化硼晶体中的双曲线行为, 其等频面为两类双曲面^[80]; (b) 氮化硼晶体中双曲线型声子极化激元的近场光学图像^[56], 入射光频率为1550 cm^–1, 标尺为800 nm; (c) 氮化硼超表面面内双曲线型声子极化激元的近场光学图像^[88]; (d) 氮化硼中表面局域声子极化激元(HSPs) 的近场光学图像^[90], 入射光频率为1420 cm^–1, 标尺为2 μm; (e) 不同角度氮化硼中HSPs的散射行为^[91]

Figure 9. Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPPs) in boron nitride: (a) Hyperbolic behavior of natural hBN crystal, which gives two separate spectral bands called lower and upper Reststrahlen bands with opposite-signed in-plane ($ {{\rm{\varepsilon }}_{//} } $) and out-of-plane (${\varepsilon _ \bot }$) dielectric permittivity^[80], the corresponding hyperboloid-type dispersion of polaritons is shown in left (type 1) and right (type 2) panels; (b) nano-infrared images of HPPs in a tapered hBN crystal^[56]. The incident frequency is 1550 cm^–1, scale bar, 800 nm; (c) in-plane hyperbolic phonon polaritons in nano-patterning boron nitride crystal^[88], left panel: near-field image of concave wavefront of phonon polaritons in boron nitride metasurfaces, right panel: schematic of the experiment; (d) volume-confined polaritons (M0) and surface polaritons (SM0) near the edge of hBN crystal^[90], the incident frequency is 1420 cm^–1. Scale bar, 2 μm; (e) manipulation of hyperbolic surface polaritons with corner angle of hBN crystals^[91]. Left panel: representative near-field image with crystal angle of 120°. Right panel: simulated reflected (R), transmitted (T) and scattered (S) fractions of polaritons as a function of crystal angles. Red squares are experimental data.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 双曲线型声子极化激元的应用　(a) 基于氮化硼声子极化激元的超分辨成像^[92], 上: 数值模拟; 下: 近场光学测量; (b) 基于氮化硼实现中红外光的纳米聚焦^[93], 标尺为1 μm; (c) 不同长度氮化硼线性天线的近场光学图像^[94], 上: 长度为1327 nm; 下: 长度为1713 nm

Figure 10. The applications of hyperbolic phonon polaritons: (a) Near-field imaging and nano-focusing realized by hBN-HPPs^[92]. Upper panel: simulated perfect imaging (ω₀ = 761 cm^–1) and enlarged imaging (ω₀ = 778.2 cm^–1) of gold nanodisk beneath the hBN crystal. Bottom panel: experimental nano-infrared images of gold nanodisk beneath hBN with the broadband incident laser; (b) sub-wavelength focusing of mid-infrared light through an hBN crystal^[93]. Left panel: AFM image of gold disks on SiO₂/Si substrate before hBN transfer. Right panel: near-field amplitude on the top of hBN crystal with incident frequency at 1515 cm^–1. Scale bar, 1 μm; (c) linear hBN dielectric antenna with different lengths^[94], 1327 nm in upper panel and 1713 nm in bottom panel. The incident frequency is 1432 cm^–1.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 半导体中激子极化激元的近场光学成像　(a) 二硒化钨中激子极化激元的近场光学图像^[96], 白色虚线为二硒化钨的边界; (b) 二硒化钼中激子极化激元的近场光学图像^[97], 图中标尺为1 μm

Figure 11. Near-field studies of exciton polaritons in semiconductors: (a) Representative near-field image of a WSe₂ flake, whose edges are marked by white dashed lines^[96]; (b) near-field image of exciton polaritons in planar MoSe₂ waveguide at laser energy of 1.41 eV^[97]. Scale bar is 1 μm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 范德瓦耳斯异质结中的极化激元　(a) 氮化硼/石墨烯/氮化硼异质结中超低损耗等离激元的近场光学成像^[98], 黑色虚线为石墨烯边界, 入射光波长为10.6 μm; (b) 石墨烯/氮化硼中杂化等离–声子极化激元的近场光学成像^[99], 红色虚线为石墨烯边界 (图中标尺为500 nm)

Figure 12. Polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures: (a) Near-field image of low-loss graphene plasmons in hBN/Graphene/hBN heterostructures^[98]. Upper panel: Side-view sketch of near-field measurement of back-gate graphene encapsulated by hBN layers. Bottom panel: representative near-field image with incident wavelength at 10.6 μm. The graphene edge is marked as black dashed line. (b) Hybridized plasmon-phonon polaritons in graphene/hBN heterostructures^[99]. Upper panel: experimentally extracted wavelength of plasmon-phonon polaritons. Bottom panel: representative near-field images of polaritons. The graphene edge is marked by red dashed lines. The incident frequency is 950 cm^-1 and 970 cm^-1, respectively. Scale bar is 500 nm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 13 超快近场光学　(a) 实验测量氮化硼声子极化激元的动力学参数^[100], 黄色区域代表金天线, 内插图显示了极化激元波的传播, 右图为不同延迟时间下的极化激元波包, 黑色和绿色实线分别代表群速度和相速度; (b) 石墨烯抽运-探测近场光谱图^[103], 从左到右探测光与抽运光之间的延迟分别为0, 200和400 fs, 标尺为1 μm; (c) 石墨烯中光诱导等离激元的超快光学成像^[104]

Figure 13. Ultrafast near-field optics. (a) The experimentally extracted propagation of type-1 HPPs in the space-time domain^[100]. The yellow region represents the gold antenna launching polaritons. The inset shows zoom into the fringe patterns. Right panel: the line profiles for different time delays. The black and green solid lines show the envelope of the fringe patterns (group velocity) and intrinsic fringe patterns (phase velocity), respectively. (b) Near-infrared (NIR) pump-induced changes in the near-field amplitude of graphene for different pump-probe time delays^[103]. The pump and probe lasers are 1.56 μm and broadband mid-infrared pulses, respectively. The dark region in near-field images represents SiO₂ substrate. Different optical contrast is caused by different layered graphene. Scale bar, 1 μm. (c) Ultrafast controlling of photo-induced plasmon polaritons in graphene encapsulated by two hBN layers^[104]. Left panel: the schematic of pump-probe s-SNOM set-up. Right panel: the two-dimensional hyperspectral map of photo-induced plasmons in hBN/graphene/hBN device. The black solid line gives the edge of device. The pump laser is at 1.56 μm. The probe beam spans frequencies from 830–1000 cm^–1.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 14 近场光学成像的发展　(a) 通过散射型SNOM和红外光谱结合测量纳米区域化学分子的红外光谱^[111]; (b) 共振金天线激发石墨烯等离激元的近场光学图像^[112]; (c) 非共振金天线激发氮化硼声子极化激元的近场光学图像^[113], 图中标尺为1 μm

Figure 14. Development in near-field optics. (a) Chemical identification of nanoscale sample contaminations with nano-FTIR, which is combination of s-SNOM and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR)^[111]. Left panel: Topography image of poly-(methyl methacrylate) thin film (PMMA, marked as A on silicon substrate, with a contaminated particle of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, marked as B. Right panel: corresponding absorption spectra of PMMA (taken from spot A) and PDMS (taken from spot B). (b) Near-field imaging of plasmonic wavefront launched by gold antenna, instead of AFM tip^[112]. Upper panel: AFM topography images of fabricated gold antenna. Bottom panel: representative near-field image of plasmonic wavefront with incident wavelength at 11.06 μm. (c) Near-field imaging of wavefront of hBN-HPPs launched by gold antenna^[113]. The brighter region represents gold antenna, encapsulated between hBN and SiO₂ substrate. Scale bar is 1 μm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 15 近场光学前景展望　(a) 化学合成的碳纳米管结构^[114], 其光学性质可以通过化学组分有效调控; (b) 开口环形探针可用于近场磁场面内和面外分量的测量^[51], 图中标尺为500 nm; (c) 散射型SNOM与质谱耦合, 可同时得到纳米级空间分辨率和超高化学分辨率; (d) 极端环境下SNOM的发展, 包括超低温、强磁场和超高真空等

Figure 15. The perspective of near-field optics: (a) Chemically fabricated carbon nanotube cup, whose properties can be effectively controlled by chemical component^[114]; (b) split-ring probe is sensitive to both in-plane (H_x or H_y) and out-of-plane (H_z) component of near-field magnetic field^[51], scale bar, 500 nm; (c) the combination of near-field optics and mass spectroscopy for highly chemical resolution and spatial resolution, simultaneously; (d) the developed s-SNOM in extreme environment, including ultralow temperature, strong magnetic field and ultrahigh vacuum.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Rayleigh L 1903 J. Soc. Dyers and Colour. 23 447
[2]	Synge E H 1928 Philosophical Magazine Series 6 356 Google Scholar
[3]	Opower H 1999 Opt. Laser Technol. 504 613
[4]	Wessel J E 1985 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys. 2 1538 Google Scholar
[5]	Courjon D, Bainier C 2003 Rep. Prog. Phys. 57 989
[6]	Losquin A, Lummen T T A 2017 Frontiers of Physics in China 12 127301
[7]	Spektor G, Kilbane D, Mahro A, Frank B, Ristok S, Gal L, Kahl P, Podbiel D, Mathias S, Giessen H 2017 Science 355 1187 Google Scholar
[8]	Man K L, Altman M S 2012 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 24 314209 Google Scholar
[9]	Vesseur E J R, de Waele R, Kuttge, Martin, Polman A 2007 Nano Lett. 7 2843 Google Scholar
[10]	Nelayah J, Kociak M, Stephan O, de Abajo F J G , Tence M, Henrard L, Taverna D, Pastorizasantos I, Lizmarzan L M, Colliex C 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 348 Google Scholar
[11]	Govyadinov A A, Konecna A, Chuvilin A, Velez S, Dolado I, Nikitin A Y, Lopatin S, Casanova F, Hueso L E, Aizpurua J 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 95 Google Scholar
[12]	Raza S, Esfandyarpour M, Koh A L, Mortensen N A, Brongersma M L, Bozhevolnyi S I 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13790 Google Scholar
[13]	Schoen D T, Holsteen A L, Brongersma M L 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 12162 Google Scholar
[14]	Hillenbrand R, Keilmann F, Hanarp P, Sutherland D S, Aizpurua J 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 368 Google Scholar
[15]	Wurtz G, Bachelot R, Royer P 1998 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69 1735 Google Scholar
[16]	Dorfmüller J, Vogelgesang R, Weitz R T, Rockstuhl C, Etrich C, Pertsch T, Lederer F, Kern K 2009 Nano Lett. 9 2372 Google Scholar
[17]	Cvitkovic A, Ocelic N, Hillenbrand R 2007 Nano Lett. 7 3177 Google Scholar
[18]	Hillenbrand R, Keilmann F 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3029 Google Scholar
[19]	Hillenbrand R, Taubner T, Keilmann F 2002 Nature 418 159 Google Scholar
[20]	Andryieuski A, Zenin V A, Malureanu R, Volkov V S, Bozhevolnyi S I, Lavrinenko A V 2014 Nano Lett. 14 3925 Google Scholar
[21]	Gjonaj B, David A, Blau Y, Spektor G, Orenstein M, Dolev S, Bartal G 2014 Nano Lett. 14 5598 Google Scholar
[22]	Grefe S E, Leiva D, Mastel S, Dhuey S D, Cabrini S, Schuck P J, Abate Y 2013 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 18944 Google Scholar
[23]	Chen J, Albella P, Pirzadeh Z, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Huth F, Bonetti S, Bonanni V, Akerman J, Nogues J, Vavassori P, Dmitriev A, Aizpurua J, Hillenbrand R 2011 Small 7 2341 Google Scholar
[24]	Schnell M, Garcia-Etxarri A, Alkorta J, Aizpurua J, Hillenbrand R 2010 Nano Lett. 10 3524 Google Scholar
[25]	Huth F, Chuvilin A, Schnell M, Amenabar I, Krutokhvostov R, Lopatin S, Hillenbrand R 2013 Nano Lett. 13 1065 Google Scholar
[26]	Mastel S, Lundeberg M B, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Gao Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hone J, Koppens F H L, Nikitin A Y, Hillenbrand R 2017 Nano Lett. 17 6526 Google Scholar
[27]	Low T, Chaves A, Caldwell J D, Kumar A, Fang N X, Avouris P, Heinz T F, Guinea F, Martin-Moreno L, Koppens F 2016 Nat. Mater. 16 182
[28]	Basov D N, Averitt R D, Hsieh D 2017 Nat. Mater. 16 1077 Google Scholar
[29]	Basov D N, Fogler M M, de Abajo F J G 2016 Science 354 6309
[30]	Betzig E, Trautman J K, Harris T D, Weiner J S, Kostelak R L 1991 Science 251 1468 Google Scholar
[31]	Betzig E, Trautman J K 1992 Science 257 189 Google Scholar
[32]	Gao F, Li X, Wang J, Fu Y 2014 Ultramicroscopy 142 10 Google Scholar
[33]	Hillenbrand R, Knoll B, Keilmann F 2001 J. Microsc. 202 77 Google Scholar
[34]	Labardi M, Patane S, Allegrini M 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 621 Google Scholar
[35]	Burresi M, Engelen R, Opheij A, van Oosten D, Mori D, Baba T, Kuipers L 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 033902 Google Scholar
[36]	Feber B L, Rotenberg N, Beggs D M, Kuipers L 2013 Nat. Photonics 8 43
[37]	Kim Z H, Leone S R 2008 Opt. Express 16 1733 Google Scholar
[38]	Kim D, Heo J, Ahn S, Han S W, Yun W S, Kim Z H 2009 Nano Lett. 9 3619 Google Scholar
[39]	Habteyes T G, Dhuey S, Kiesow K I, Vold A 2013 Opt. Express 21 21607 Google Scholar
[40]	Sadiq D, Shirdel J, Lee J S, Selishcheva E, Park N, Lienau C 2011 Nano Lett. 11 1609 Google Scholar
[41]	Ropers C, Neacsu C C, Elsaesser T, Albrecht M, Raschke M B, Lienau C 2007 Nano Lett. 7 2784 Google Scholar
[42]	Ocelic N, Huber A J, Hillenbrand R 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 101124 Google Scholar
[43]	Stefanon I, Blaize S, Bruyant A, Aubert S, Lerondel G, Bachelot R, Royer P 2005 Opt. Express 13 5553 Google Scholar
[44]	Novotny L, Bian R X, Xie X S 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 645 Google Scholar
[45]	Noguez C 2007 J. Phys. Chem. C 111 3806 Google Scholar
[46]	Meng L, Yang Z, Chen J, Sun M 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 9240 Google Scholar
[47]	García-Etxarri A, Romero I, de Abajo F J G, Hillenbrand R, Aizpurua J 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79
[48]	Rang M, Jones A C, Zhou F, Li Z, Wiley B J, Xia Y, Raschke M B 2008 Nano Lett. 8 3357 Google Scholar
[49]	Esteban R, Vogelgesang R, Dorfmuller J, Dmitriev A, Rockstuhl C, Etrich C, Kern K 2008 Nano Lett. 8 3155 Google Scholar
[50]	Neuman T, Alonso-González P, Garcia-Etxarri A, Schnell M, Hillenbrand R, Aizpurua J 2015 Laser Photonics Rev. 9 637 Google Scholar
[51]	Burresi M, van Oosten D, Kampfrath T, Schoenmaker H, Heideman R, Leinse A, Kuipers L 2009 Science 326 550 Google Scholar
[52]	Ahn J, Kihm H W, Kihm J E, Kim D S, Lee K 2009 Opt. Express 17 2280 Google Scholar
[53]	Wei H, Zhang S, Tian X, Xu H 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 4494 Google Scholar
[54]	Zhang S, Wei H, Bao K, Hakanson U, Halas N J, Nordlander P, Xu H 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 096801 Google Scholar
[55]	Koppens F H L, Chang D, de Abajo F J G 2011 Nano Lett. 11 3370 Google Scholar
[56]	Dai S, Fei Z, Ma Q, Rodin A S, Wagner M, McLeod A S, Liu M K, Gannett W, Regan W, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Thiemens M, Dominguez G, Castro Neto A H, Zettl A, Keilmann F, Jarillo-Herrero P, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2014 Science 343 1125 Google Scholar
[57]	Sanvitto D, Kéna-Cohen S 2016 Nat. Mater. 15 1061 Google Scholar
[58]	Woessner A, Parret R, Davydovskaya D, Gao Y, Wu J S, Lundeberg M B, Nanot S, Alonso-González P, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hillenbrand R, Fogler M M, Hone J, Koppens F H L 2017 npj 2D Mater. Appl. 1 25 Google Scholar
[59]	Kumar A, Low T, Fung K H, Avouris P, Fang N X 2015 Nano Lett. 15 3172 Google Scholar
[60]	Woessner A, Misra A, Cao Y, Torre I, Mishchenko A, Lundeberg M B, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Polini M, Novoselov K S, Koppens F H L 2017 ACS Photonics 4 3012 Google Scholar
[61]	Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Katsnelson M I, Grigorieva I V, Dubonos S V, Firsov A A 2005 Nature 438 197 Google Scholar
[62]	Nair R R, Blake P, Grigorenko A N, Novoselov K S, Booth T J, Stauber T, Peres N M, Geim A K 2008 Science 320 1308 Google Scholar
[63]	Guo Q, Li C, Deng B, Yuan S, Guinea F, Xia F 2017 ACS Photonics 4 2989 Google Scholar
[64]	Castro Neto A H, Guinea F, Peres N M R, Novoselov K S, Geim A K 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 109 Google Scholar
[65]	Yan H, Low T, Zhu W, Wu Y, Freitag M, Li X, Guinea F, Avouris P, Xia F 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 394 Google Scholar
[66]	Yan H, Li X, Chandra B, Tulevski G, Wu Y, Freitag M, Zhu W, Avouris P, Xia F 2012 Nat. Nanotechnol. 7 330 Google Scholar
[67]	Fei Z, Andreev G O, Bao W, Zhang L M, Wang C, Stewart M K, Zhao Z, Dominguez G, Thiemens M, Fogler M M, Tauber M J, Castro-Neto A H, Lau C N, Keilmann F, Basov D N 2011 Nano Lett. 11 4701 Google Scholar
[68]	Chen J, Badioli M, Alonso-González P, Thongrattanasiri S, Huth F, Osmond J, Spasenović M, Centeno A, Pesquera A, Godignon P, Zurutuza Elorza A, Camara N, de Abajo F J G, Hillenbrand R, Koppens F H L 2012 Nature 487 77 Google Scholar
[69]	Fei Z, Rodin A S, Andreev G O, Bao W, McLeod A S, Wagner M, Zhang L M, Zhao Z, Thiemens M, Dominguez G, Fogler M M, Neto A H C, Lau C N, Keilmann F, Basov D N 2012 Nature 487 82 Google Scholar
[70]	Ni G X, McLeod A S, Sun Z, Wang L, Xiong L, Post K W, Sunku S S, Jiang B Y, Hone J, Dean C R, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2018 Nature 557 530 Google Scholar
[71]	Fei Z, Foley J J, Gannett W, Liu M K, Dai S, Ni G X, Zettl A, Fogler M M, Wiederrecht G P, Gray S K, Basov D N 2016 Nano Lett. 16 7842 Google Scholar
[72]	Hu F, Luan Y, Fei Z, Palubski I Z, Goldflam M D, Dai S, Wu J S, Post K W, Janssen G, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2017 Nano Lett. 17 5423 Google Scholar
[73]	Duan J, Chen R, Chen J 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 117802 Google Scholar
[74]	Nikitin A, Alonso-González P, Vélez S, Mastel S, Centeno A, Pesquera A, Zurutuza A, Casanova F, Hueso L, Koppens F 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 239 Google Scholar
[75]	Fei Z, Goldflam M D, Wu J S, Dai S, Wagner M, McLeod A S, Liu M K, Post K W, Zhu S, Janssen G C A M, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2015 Nano Lett. 15 8271 Google Scholar
[76]	Bezares F J, de Sanctis A, Saavedra J R M, Woessner A, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Amenabar I, Chen J, Bointon T, Dai S, Fogler M M, Basov D N, Hillenbrand R, Craciun M F, de Abajo F J G, Russo S, Koppens F H L 2017 Nano Lett. 17 5908 Google Scholar
[77]	Fei Z, Iwinski E G, Ni G X, Zhang L M, Bao W, Rodin A S, Lee Y, Wagner M, Liu M K, Dai S, Goldflam M D, Thiemens M, Keilmann F, Lau C N, Castro-Neto A H, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2015 Nano Lett. 15 4973 Google Scholar
[78]	Woessner A, Gao Y, Torre I, Lundeberg M B, Tan C, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hillenbrand R, Hone J, Polini M, Koppens F H L 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 421 Google Scholar
[79]	Dai S, Ma Q, Liu M K, Andersen T, Fei Z, Goldflam M D, Wagner M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Thiemens M, Keilmann F, Janssen G C, Zhu S E, Jarillo-Herrero P, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 682 Google Scholar
[80]	Caldwell J D, Kretinin A V, Chen Y, Giannini V, Fogler M M, Francescato Y, Ellis C T, Tischler J G, Woods C R, Giles A J, Hong M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Maier S A, Novoselov K S 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5221 Google Scholar
[81]	Liu Z, Lee H, Xiong Y, Sun C, Zhang X 2007 Science 315 1686 Google Scholar
[82]	Yao J, Liu Z, Liu Y, Wang Y, Sun C, Bartal G, Stacy A M, Zhang X 2008 Science 321 930 Google Scholar
[83]	Yang X, Yao J, Rho J, Yin X, Zhang X 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 450 Google Scholar
[84]	Hoffman A J, Alekseyev L, Howard S S, Franz K J, Wasserman D, Podolskiy V A, Narimanov E E, Sivco D L, Gmachl C 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 946 Google Scholar
[85]	Kim J, Drachev V P, Jacob Z, Naik G V, Boltasseva A, Narimanov E E, Shalaev V M 2012 Opt. Express 20 8100 Google Scholar
[86]	High A A, Devlin R C, Dibos A, Polking M, Wild D S, Perczel J, de Leon N P, Lukin M D, Park H 2015 Nature 522 192 Google Scholar
[87]	Liu Y, Zhang X 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 141101 Google Scholar
[88]	Li P, Dolado I, Alfaro-Mozaz F J, Casanova F, Hueso L E, Liu S, Edgar J H, Nikitin A Y, Velez S, Hillenbrand R 2018 Science 359 892 Google Scholar
[89]	Ma W, Gonzalez P A, Li S, Nikitin A Y, Yuan J, Sanchez J M, Gutierrez J T, Amenabar I, Li P, Velez S, Tollan C, Dai Z, Zhang Y, Sriram S, Zadeh K K, Lee S T, Hillenbrand R, Bao Q 2018 Nature 562 557 Google Scholar
[90]	Li P, Dolado I, Alfaro-Mozaz F J, Nikitin A Y, Casanova F, Hueso L E, Velez S, Hillenbrand R 2017 Nano Lett. 17 228 Google Scholar
[91]	Dai S, Tymchenko M, Yang Y, Ma Q, Pita-Vidal M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Jarillo-Herrero P, Fogler M, Alù A 2017 Adv. Mater. 30 1706358
[92]	Li P, Lewin M, Kretinin A V, Caldwell J D, Novoselov K S, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Gaussmann F, Taubner T 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7507 Google Scholar
[93]	Dai S, Ma Q, Andersen T, McLeod A S, Fei Z, Liu M K, Wagner M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Thiemens M, Keilmann F, Jarillo-Herrero P, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 6963 Google Scholar
[94]	Alfaro-Mozaz F J, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Velez S, Dolado I, Autore M, Mastel S, Casanova F, Hueso L E, Li P, Nikitin A Y, Hillenbrand R 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15624 Google Scholar
[95]	Hu D, Yang X, Li C, Liu R, Yao Z, Hu H, Corder S N G, Chen J, Sun Z, Liu M, Dai Q 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 1471 Google Scholar
[96]	Fei Z, Scott M E, Gosztola D J, Foley J J, Yan J, Mandrus D G, Wen H, Zhou P, Zhang D W, Sun Y, Guest J R, Gray S K, Bao W, Wiederrecht G P, Xu X 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 081402 Google Scholar
[97]	Hu F, Luan Y, Scott M E, Yan J, Mandrus D G, Xu X, Fei Z 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 356 Google Scholar
[98]	Woessner A, Lundeberg M B, Gao Y, Principi A, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Carrega M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Vignale G, Polini M, Hone J, Hillenbrand R, Koppens F H 2015 Nat. Mater. 14 421 Google Scholar
[99]	Yang X, Zhai F, Hu H, Hu D, Liu R, Zhang S, Sun M, Sun Z, Chen J, Dai Q 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 2931 Google Scholar
[100]	Yoxall E, Schnell M, Nikitin A Y, Txoperena O, Woessner A, Lundeberg M B, Casanova F, Hueso L E, Koppens F H L, Hillenbrand R 2015 Nat. Photonics 9 674 Google Scholar
[101]	Eisele M, Cocker T L, Huber M A, Plankl M, Viti L, Ercolani D, Sorba L, Vitiello M S, Huber R 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 841 Google Scholar
[102]	Huber M A, Plankl M, Eisele M, Marvel R E, Sandner F, Korn T, Schuller C, Haglund R F, Huber R, Cocker T L 2016 Nano Lett. 16 1421 Google Scholar
[103]	Wagner M, Fei Z, McLeod A S, Rodin A S, Bao W, Iwinski E G, Zhao Z, Goldflam M, Liu M, Dominguez G, Thiemens M, Fogler M M, Castro Neto A H, Lau C N, Amarie S, Keilmann F, Basov D N 2014 Nano Lett. 14 894 Google Scholar
[104]	Ni G X, Wang L, Goldflam M D, Wagner M, Fei Z, McLeod A S, Liu M K, Keilmann F, Özyilmaz B, Castro Neto A H, Hone J, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 244 Google Scholar
[105]	Hu H, Yang X, Zhai F, Hu D, Liu R, Liu K, Sun Z, Dai Q 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 12334 Google Scholar
[106]	Amenabar I, Poly S, Goikoetxea M, Nuansing W, Lasch P, Hillenbrand R 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 14402 Google Scholar
[107]	Amenabar I, Poly S, Nuansing W, Hubrich E H, Govyadinov A A, Huth F, Krutokhvostov R, Zhang L, Knez M, Heberle J, Bittner A M, Hillenbrand R 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2890 Google Scholar
[108]	Dominguez G, McLeod A S, Gainsforth Z, Kelly P, Bechtel H A, Keilmann F, Westphal A, Thiemens M, Basov D N 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5445 Google Scholar
[109]	Westermeier C, Cernescu A, Amarie S, Liewald C, Keilmann F, Nickel B 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4101 Google Scholar
[110]	Lucas I T, McLeod A S, Syzdek J S, Middlemiss D S, Grey C P, Basov D N, Kostecki R 2015 Nano Lett. 15 1 Google Scholar
[111]	Huth F, Govyadinov A, Amarie S, Nuansing W, Keilmann F, Hillenbrand R 2012 Nano Lett. 12 3973 Google Scholar
[112]	Alonso-González P, Nikitin A Y, Golmar F, Centeno A, Pesquera A, Vélez S, Chen J, Navickaite G, Koppens F, Zurutuza A 2014 Science 344 1369 Google Scholar
[113]	Duan J, Chen R, Li J, Jin K, Sun Z, Chen J 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1702494 Google Scholar
[114]	Zhao Y, Tang Y, Chen Y 2012 ACS Nano 6 6912 Google Scholar
[115]	Nudnova M M, Sigg J, Wallimann P, Zenobi R 2015 Anal. Chem. 87 1323 Google Scholar
[116]	Lee K G, Kihm H W, Kihm J E, Choi W J, Kim H, Ropers C, Park D J, Yoon Y C, Choi S B, Woo D H, Kim J, Lee B, Park Q H, Lienau C, Kim D S 2007 Nat. Photonics 1 53 Google Scholar
[117]	Rotenberg N, Kuipers L 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 919 Google Scholar

[1]	Zhang Yang, Zhang Zhi-Hao, Wang Yu-Jian, Xue Xiao-Lan, Chen Ling-Xiu, Shi Li-Wei. Polarization modulation scanning optical microscopy method. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(15): 157801. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240688
[2]	Zhou Yi-Xi, Li Zhi-Peng, Chen Jia-Ning. Research advances in polaritonics based on near-field optical imaging technique. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(8): 080701. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20232001
[3]	Yu Ze-Hao, Zhang Li-Fa, Wu Jing, Zhao Yun-Shan. Recent progress of 2-dimensional layered thermoelectric materials. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(5): 057301. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20222095
[4]	Liu Ning, Liu Ken, Zhu Zhi-Hong. Research progress of nonlinear optical properties of integrated two-dimensional materials. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(17): 174202. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230729
[5]	Xu Kun-Qi, Hu Cheng, Shen Pei-Yue, Ma Sai-Qun, Zhou Xian-Liang, Liang Qi, Shi Zhi-Wen. Near-field optical characterization of atomic structures and polaritons in twisted two-dimensional materials. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(2): 027102. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20222145
[6]	Ma Sai-Qun, Deng Ao-Lin, Lü Bo-Sai, Hu Cheng, Shi Zhi-Wen. Polaritons in low-dimensional materials and their coupling characteristics. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(12): 127104. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220272
[7]	Liao Jun-Yi, Wu Juan-Xia, Dang Chun-He, Xie Li-Ming. Methods of transferring two-dimensional materials. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(2): 028201. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20201425
[8]	Huang Shen-Yang, Zhang Guo-Wei, Wang Fan-Jie, Lei Yu-Chen, Yan Hu-Gen. Optical properties of two-dimensional black phosphorus. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(2): 027802. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20201497
[9]	Xu Yi-Quan, Wang Cong. All-optical devices based on two-dimensional materials. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(18): 184216. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200654
[10]	Wu Xiang-Shui, Tang Wen-Ting, Xu Xiang-Fan. Recent progresses of thermal conduction in two-dimensional materials. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(19): 196602. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200709
[11]	Wu Han, Wu Jing-Yu, Chen Zhuo. Strong coupling between metasurface based Tamm plasmon microcavity and exciton. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(1): 010201. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20191225
[12]	Cen Gui, Zhang Zhi-Bin, Lü Xin-Yu, Liu Kai-Hui, Li Zhi-Qiang. Near-field infrared microscopy of graphene on metal substrate. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(2): 027803. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20191598
[13]	Lü Xin-Yu, Li Zhi-Qiang. Topological properties of graphene moiré superlattice systems and recent optical studies. Acta Physica Sinica, 2019, 68(22): 220303. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20191317
[14]	Jiao Yue, Tao Hai-Yan, Ji Bo-Yu, Song Xiao-Wei, Lin Jing-Quan. Near field enhancement of TiO2 nanoparticle array on different substrates for femtosecond laser processing. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(14): 144203. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.144203
[15]	Zhang Xue-Jin, Lu Yan-Qing, Chen Yan-Feng, Zhu Yong-Yuan, Zhu Shi-Ning. Terahertz surface polaritons. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(14): 148705. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.148705
[16]	He Li, Qiao Wen-Tao, Zhang Li-Wei, Xu Jing-Ping. Electromagnetic tunneling properties of sandwich structure containing single negative material. Acta Physica Sinica, 2010, 59(11): 7863-7868. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.7863
[17]	Fu Pei-Zhen, Hou Bi-Hui, Wang Li, Zhong Ren-Bin, Wang Ya-Li, Zhang Er-Pan, Jian Yan-Zhen. Terahertz spectra and soft optical phonons of PbB4O7 crystal. Acta Physica Sinica, 2010, 59(7): 4640-4645. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.4640
[18]	Xu Geng-Zhao, Liang Hu, Bai Yong-Qiang, Lau Kei-May, Zhu Xing. Study of temperature dependent electroluminescence of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells using low temperature scanning near-field optical microscopy. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(11): 5344-5349. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.5344
[19]	Wang Qian, Xu Jin-Qiang, Wu Jin, Li Yong-Gui. The imaging of chemical samples with a scanning near-field infrared microscope. Acta Physica Sinica, 2003, 52(2): 298-301. doi: 10.7498/aps.52.298
[20]	WANG ZI-YANG, LI QIN, ZHAO JUN, GUO JI-HUA. STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT INTENSITY OF THE FIBER PROBE OF TRANSMISSION SCANNING NEAR FIELD OPTICAL MICROSCOPY AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF EXCITED FLUORESCE NT MOLECULES. Acta Physica Sinica, 2000, 49(10): 1959-1964. doi: 10.7498/aps.49.1959

Catalog

Vol. 68, Issue 11 - 2019-06-05

Metrics

Abstract views: 15541
PDF Downloads: 677
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板