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Surface plasmon polariton is a surface oscillation wave that is bound at the interface between metal and dielectric material. Its oscillating electric field is strongly bound below the subwavelength scale near the interface, generating a huge enhancement of localized electromagnetic field, which can be used to greatly enhance the interaction between light and matter, particularly in metal surface plasmon coupling system. In this paper, we review the coupling effects, coupling theory, and typical coupling structures of the surface plasmon coupling systems. We also introduce a typical surface plasmon coupling system and its corresponding crucial applications in surface enhanced refractive index sensor, Raman scattering, near-infrared absorption, and nonlinear effect generation.
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Keywords:
- surface plasmon reasonace /
- mode-coupling theory /
- coupling structures system /
- spectra enhancement
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图 1 (a)金属微纳米颗粒团聚过程[42]; (b)不同团聚程度下的胶体颜色[42]; (c)不同团聚程度胶体的消光光谱[43]
Figure 1. (a) The schematic diagram of agglomeration process when DNA molecules are added to noble metal micro-nanoparticle suspensions[42]; (b) the color map of metal nanoparticles with different degree of agglomeration[42]; (c) the extinction spectra of metal nanoparticles with different degree of agglomeration[43].
图 2 (a)银纳米粒子的原子力显微成像; (b)暗场散射成像; (c)表面增强拉曼散射谱及相应的暗场散射谱[48]
Figure 2. (a) The AFM image of Ag nanoparticles; (b) the dark scattering image of Ag nanoparticles; (c) the spectra of surface enhanced Raman scattering (left) and the corresponding dark scattering spectra (right). Note that the colloidal micro-nanoparticles produce a strong surface-enhanced Raman scattering with a complex scattering spectrum with multiple redshift peaks [48].
图 4 (a)谐振子模型[56]; (b) LC等效电路模型[58]; (c)模式杂化模型[41]; (d)不同排布二聚体的模式杂化图[39]
Figure 4. (a) The coupling theory model of simple harmonic oscillator[56]; (b) the LC equivalent circuit model of the surface plasmon resonance[58]; (c) the hybrid model of surface plasmon resonance[41]; (d) the schematic diagram of intrinsic plasmon coupling in nanorod dimer[39].
图 5 (a)单层纳米薄膜[70]; (b)单个纳米星结构[71]; (c)单个金属纳米盘及劈裂盘[60]; (d)单个金属纳米球壳[72]
Figure 5. (a) The surface plasmon coupling modes and the corresponding dispersion curves in single-layer metal nanofilm[70]; (b) the metal nanostar structure and the corresponding mode coupling process[71]; (c) the SEM images of single metal disk and split disk with their corresponding extinction spectra[60]; (d) the SEM images of single metal symmetric and asymmetric nanoshells with their corresponding absorption spectra during the asymmetric evolution process[72].
图 6 (a)三种不同厚度金属薄膜上的纳米颗粒[72]; (b)适当距离的金属反射面上的纳米天线[73]; (c), (d)适当距离的金属薄膜上的纳米盘[74,75]; (e)适当距离的金属薄膜上环内纳米颗粒二聚体[76]
Figure 6. (a) The coupling model of three metal nano-films between the nanoparticles on film, and their corresponding absorption spectra[72]; (b) the schematic diagram of nano-antenna radiation engineering on metal surface, its corresponding electric field distribution and sample’s SEM image[73]; (c) the schematic diagram of nanodisk array on metal film and its corresponding SEM image[74]; (d) the schematic diagram of metal structures on metal surface, the corresponding SEM image and the coupled electric field intensity at different wavelength[75]; (e) the schematic diagram of the dimer structure in the ring on the metal surface, the corresponding SEM image and the local electric field distribution at resonance peak position[76].
图 7 (a)不对称纳米颗粒二聚体[77]; (b)金属-介质纳米球二聚体[78]; (c)不同特征的蝴蝶结结构[79]; (d)同轴盘-环二聚体[80]; (e)纵向劈裂环二聚体[81]; (f) 不对称半环二聚体[82]; (g)耦合的纳米线二聚体[83]; (h) 纳米球三聚体[84]; (i) 中心球偏离的纳米球五聚体[85]; (j) dolmen结构[86]; (k)纳米棒四聚体[87]; (l)不同参数的纳米盘七聚体[88]
Figure 7. (a) Asymmetric nanoparticles dimer[77]; (b) coupled heterogeneous nanoparticles[78]; (c) symmetrical bowties[79]; (d) concentric nanodisk-nanoring resonator[80]; (e) split nanoring pair[81]; (f) asymmetrical half-ring structure pair[82]; (g) coupled nanowires[83]; (h) nanotrimers[84]; (i) asymmetrical nanopentamer[85]; (j) dolmen structure[86]; (k) nanorod tetramer[87]; (l) nanodisk heptamers[88]
图 8 (a) 纳米银棒链[89]; (b) 一维金属光栅结构[90]; (c) 环状光栅[91]; (d) 不对称“H”孔阵列[92]; (e) 异心纳米盘-环谐振腔阵列[93]; (f) THz波不对称U型环对阵列[94]; (g) 层状负折射率结构[95]; (h) 异质不对称“H”结构阵列[96]
Figure 8. (a) The SEM image and extinction spectrum of single silver nanorod chain[89]; (b) the schematic diagram of metal one-dimensional grating structure and its corresponding transmission spectrum at TM polarization[90]; (c) the SEM image of annular groove grating array[91]; (d) the asymmetric compensation structures array, and the illustration is a single magnified view[92]; (e) the SEM image of nanodisk-ring asymmetric resonator array on a conductive substrate[93]; (f) the optical images of asymmetric U-shaped ring structure pairs array in terahertz region[94]; (g) the layered hole array structures with a negative refractive index[95]; (h) the heterogeneous asymmetric “H” array structures[96].
图 10 (a)周期性纳米圆环阵列在不同折射率下的消光光谱和峰位变化[98]; (b)金属纳米结构在不同折射率溶液中的暗场散射图[99]; (c)金属XI结构的扫描电镜图、共振位置的电荷分布、不同环境中的消光谱[100]; (d)太赫兹圆环缝隙阵列, 可以灵敏检测其上纳米级薄膜厚度的增加[102]
Figure 10. (a) The extinction spectra and peak position changes of periodic nano-ring arrays at different refractive index [98]; (b) the dark field scatter plot of single metal nanostructures in different refractive index solutions[99]; (c) the SEM image of metal XI-shape structure, the new mode charge distribution formed by original mode strong coupling, and the extinction spectrum in different refractive index materials, the sensitivity of refractive index sensing can reach 1000 nm/RIU[100]; (d) the terahertz ring-gap array for sensitive detection of the increase in nanoscale thickness of films[102].
图 11 (a)不同参数的金属纳米七聚体扫描电子显微图、散射光谱、表面增强拉曼谱及近场分布[103]; (b)金膜面上半球形结构, 在结构间隙之间可以产生极大的电磁热点, 可以实现低浓度农药分子的灵敏检测[104]; (c)动态表面增强拉曼散射检测构想, 可以解决干法检测及湿法检测灵敏性和重复性不能兼顾的难题[105]; (d)表面增强拉曼散射探针的重要应用[106]; (e)表面等离激元增强拉曼散射技术目前所处的现状, 瓶颈以及未来需要发展的方向[107]
Figure 11. (a) The SEM images of the metal nano-heptamers with different sizes, the corresponding scattering spectra, the surface enhanced Raman signal spectra and the electric field distribution[103], the experimental results show that the strongest Raman signal can be obtained only when the coupling peak position of the heptamer is near to the peak position of the Raman shift; (b) the hemispherical structure on the gold film surface can generate a huge electromagnetic hot spot between the structure gaps, which can achieve sensitive detection of low concentration pesticide molecules[104]; (c) the concept of dynamic surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection can solve the problem that the sensitivity and repeatability beyond the dry detection and wet detection[105]; (d) the important applications of surface enhanced Raman scattering probes[106]; (e) the bottlenecks and future directions surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy[107].
图 12 (a)具有挂壁颗粒的垂直耦合互补天线及其在不同偏振下的电场分布和在不同间隙大小下的十八烷的手性强度[108]; (b)金属反射面上扇形天线结构对及其不同波长下的近红外吸收增强因子[109]; (c)不对称铝十字结构应用于红外吸收增强中的过程示意图[110]; (d)金属共振天线应用于红外吸收增强中的过程示意图[111]
Figure 12. (a) Vertically coupled complementary antenna with wall particles, the corresponding electric field distribution under different polarizations and the comparisons of ODT fingerprint intensity at different gap sizes[108]; (b) the near-infrared absorption enhancement factor of t the fan-shaped antenna with or without the reflective metal layer, when there is a reflective metal substrate, the enhancement factor can reach 105 orders of magnitude[109]; (c) the schematic diagram of applied asymmetric aluminum cross antennas to infrared absorption enhancemen[110]; (d) the schematic diagram of metal resonant antenna applied to infrared absorption enhancement[111].
图 13 (a)飞秒脉冲驱动下, 银纳米棒的非线性响应示意图及其远场时间变化曲线[112]; (b)圆柱矢量光束激发下金属微纳米低聚物中的二次谐波产生[113]; (c)金劈裂盘在不同偏振下的散射光谱和二次谐波产生谱[22]; (d)金矩形纳米腔阵列对四波混频的优化过程示意图[114]; (e)用于增强非线性效应的金属纳米结构实例[115]
Figure 13. (a) The nonlinear response diagram of silver nanorods and its far-field temporal dynamics caves driven by femtosecond pulses[112]; (b) second harmonic generation in metal micro-nano oligomers excited by cylindrical vector beam[113]; (c) the SEM image of the metal split nanodisk, the corresponding dark-field scattering spectrum under different incident polarizations, the corresponding dependence between the second harmonic generation field distribution with intrinsic wavelength[22]; (d) the schematic diagram of optimization process of four-wave mixing with gold rectangular nanocavity array[114]; (e) examples of metal nanostructures for enhancing nonlinear effects[115].
图 14 (a)单颗粒及其二聚体的光致发光量子产率[116]; (b)介质及金属上二聚体的光致发光谱[117]; (c)金属面内二聚体天线用于荧光增强[118]; (d)银蝴蝶结纳米结构实现对MoS2荧光的增强[119]; (e) WSe2-金纳米间隙杂化结构的荧光增强图[120]; (f)表面等离激元局域场与荧光分子团的耦合示意图[121]; (g)表面等离激元增强荧光简图[122]; (h)用表面等离激元纳米结构控制和增强光致发光示意图[123]
Figure 14. (a) Photoluminescence quantum yield of a single particle and the dimer, respectively[116]; (b) photoluminescence spectra of nanoparticle dimer on media and metal substrate, respectively[117]; (c) in-plane nanoantennas for fluorescence enhancement[118]; (d) the enhanced fluorescence of MoS2 by using silver bow nanostructures[119]; (e) the fluorescence enhancement of WSe2-gold plasmonic hybrid structure[120]; (f) the schematic of a fluorophore coupled with the confined field of SPP and LSP modes, respectively[121]; (g) cartoon of simplified plasmon enhanced fluorescence[122]; (h) schematic illustration of controlling and enhancing PL with plasmonic nanostructures[123].
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