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Due to excellent piezoelectric properties and electromechanical coupling properties, lead-based piezoelectric ceramics represented by lead zirconate titanate Pb(ZrxTi1–x)O3 (PZT) are widely used in science and technology, industry, military and daily life. However, the content of Pb in PZT-based ceramics exceeds 60% (mass ratio), which will cause serious damage to human ecological environment in the process of their production, use and waste treatment. Therefore, the development of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics has become one of the hot research spots. Potassium sodium niobate (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (KNN) lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are considered as one of the most promising material systems to substitute for lead-based piezoelectric ceramics because of their good piezoelectric properties and higher Curie temperature. Through many years of researches, the piezoelectric properties of modified KNN based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have approached to or even exceeded those of some lead-based piezoelectric ceramics. Combining with our relevant work, we comprehensively review the research progress of high piezoelectric activity of KNN based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, especially focus on the research progress of high-performance potassium sodium niobate lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, preparation technology and related theoretical mechanisms. The future research direction and prospect of KNN-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are also presented.
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Keywords:
- lead-free piezoelectric ceramics /
- potassium sodium niobate /
- origin /
- high piezoelectric property
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图 2 (a)正交相(K0.5Na0.5NbO3陶瓷[56,61]); (b)室温下O-T相界(KNNL-BZ-BNT陶瓷体系[62], KNNSL-BNZ-BZ-MnO2陶瓷体系[63]); (c)室温下R-T/R-O-T相界KNN基陶瓷的畴结构(KNNS-BF-BNZ陶瓷体系[43], KNNS-BNZ-BZ陶瓷体系[34])
Figure 2. Domain structures of KNN-based ceramcis with different phase boundaries at room temperature: (a) Orthorhombic (K0.5Na0.5NbO3 ceramics[56,61]); (b) O-T phase boundaries (KNNL-BZ-BNT ceramics[62], KNNSL-BNZ-BZ-MnO2 ceramics[63]); (c) R-T/R-O-T phase boundaries (KNNS-BF-BNZ ceramics[43], KNNS-BNZ-BZ ceramics[34]).
表 1 室温下具有O-T相界的KNN压电陶瓷性能
Table 1. Properties of KNN ceramics with O-T phase boundary at room temperature.
表 2 室温下具有R-O-T相界的KNN压电陶瓷的性能
Table 2. Properties of KNN ceramics with R-O-T phase boundary at room temperature.
Material system d33/pC·N–1 kp TC /℃ KNN-BNZ-BG[24] 312 0.44 341 KNN-BZ-BNZ[25] 345 0.50 ~260 KNN-NS-BNKZH[26] 452 0.63 ~270 KNNS-BNCZ[27] 415 0.46 245 KNNTS-BNKZ[28] 400 0.46 240 KNN-BNZN[29] 318 ± 10 — 360 KNNS-BKZH[30] 451 0.52 258 KNNS-BLKZ[31] 385 — 245 KNNS-SZ-BNH[32] 470 ± 5 0.51 ± 0.02 244 KNNS-BS-BNZ[33] ~480 — ~225 KNNS-BNZ-BZ[34] 610 0.58 241 KNNS-BNKZ-Fe-AS[12] 650 — ~180 表 3 室温下具有R-T相界的KNN压电陶瓷的性能
Table 3. Properties of KNN ceramics with R-T phase boundary at room temperature.
Material system d33 /pC·N–1 kp TC/℃ KNNS-BNZSn[35] 465 0.51 240 KNNS-BZH[36] 410 — 255 KNNS-BNKZ[37] 490 0.46 227 KNNTS-BNKZ[38] 460 0.40 ~220 KNNS-BNH[39] 419 0.45 242 KNNS-BKZS[40] 430 — 243 KNNS-BNLCZ[41] 485 0.48 227 KNNS-BNKH[42] 525 — ~210 KNNS-BF-BNZ[43] 550 — 237 KNNS-CZ-BKHT-MnO2[44] 425 0.49 215 KNNS-BZ-BKH[45] 570 ± 10 — ~190 KNNS-BNZ-BF[46] 511 0.515 269 KNANS-BNZ[47] 440 0.50 250 表 4 KNN基无铅压电陶瓷压电常数与畴结构尺寸
Table 4. Piezoelectric constant of KNN ceramics with domain size.
Material system d33 or $ {d}_{33}^{*} $ Domain size KNNS-SZ-BAZ[52] 487 pC/N 30—65 nm,
65—160 nm,
30—45 nmKNNS-BZ-BNH[48] 600 pm/V 10—100 nm KNNS-BNKH[42] 525 pC/N 10—30 nm KNNS-BNKZ-Fe-AS[12] (650 ± 20) pC/N 2 nm KNNS-BNZ-BZ[34] 610 pC/N 50—70 nm KNNT-BNKZ-CZ[51] 482 pm/V 60 nm KNNS-BZ-BNZ[65] 300 pC/N 150 nm—1.0 μm KNNS-CZ-BKH[66] 550 pC/N 30—230 nm KNNS-BNH[67] 512 pC/N 100 nm KNNS-SZ-BNZ[68] 450 pC/N 50—200 nm KNLNTS[54] 455 pC/N 110—310 nm KNNS-BNZ-BF[46] 510 pC/N < 1 μm KNN-BNZ-MnO2-Sb2O3[69] 318 pC/N < 1 μm KNN-BI-BNZ[57] 317 pC/N ~200 nm KNNdNS-BNZ[70] 400 pC/N ~ 1 μm 表 5 同时具有高压电性能和高居里温度的KNN陶瓷体系
Table 5. The KNN-based ceramics with high piezoelectric constant and high Curie temperature.
表 6 温度稳定性高的KNN陶瓷体系的压电常数以及变化量
Table 6. Comparison of piezoelectric constant and variation among KNN-based ceramics.
d33/pC·N–1 d33 variation/% $ {d}_{33}^{*} $/pm·V–1 $ {d}_{33}^{*} $ variation/% KNLNT-CZ[86] — — — almost unchanged @140 ℃ KNN-BNZ-LF[72] 345 — 420 8%@100 ℃ KNNT-BNKZ-SZ-MnO2[49] — — 400 10%@180 ℃ KNNT-BNKZ-CZ-MnO2[51] — — 482 10%@120 ℃ KNNS-BNZ-SZ[87] 390 — — 13%@180 ℃ KNN-BLT-BZ-MnO2[88] — — 470 8.5%@100 ℃, 21.2%@170 ℃ KNNS-BZ-BNZ[65] 300 10@100 ℃ — — KNNS-(BHo)NHf[89] — — ~386 almost unchanged @140 ℃ KNNT-BNZ-CZ[90] — — 502 10%@135 ℃ KNNS-BNKH[42] 525 — 460 10%@80 ℃ KNN-BZ-BNH-MnO2[91] 300 15@120 ℃ 540 ± 10 5%@100 ℃ KNN-BNH-BF-MnO2[92] 450 — — 28%@160 ℃ KNN-BNZ-MnO2-Sb2O3[69] 318 — — 9%@170 ℃ KNNS-BZH-BNZ[36] 410 — 441 2.5%@100 ℃, 16.1%@180 ℃ 注: 16.1%@180 ℃表示到180 ℃性能下降16.1%. Nb5+ Ta5+ Zr4+ Hf4+ Sn4+ Ti4+ Sb5+ Sb3+ Ga3+ 离子半径/Å 0.64 0.64 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.605 0.60 0.76 0.62 表 8 不同结构下原子内坐标随应变的梯度, 注意OI位于Bmm2不包含Nb原子的(010)平面, KNN中OI,1和OI,2沿a方向分别靠近K和Na原子[138]
Table 8. Internal atomic coordinate gradients as a function of strains in different structure, noted that OI is located at the (010) plane without Nb atoms in Bmm2, OI,1 and OI,2 are close to K and Na along a axis, respectively[139].
K Nb OⅡ OⅠ KN ∂u3/∂η3 0.108 0.166 –0.092 –0.091 ∂u1/∂η5 0.115 0.210 –0.151 –0.024 K Na Nb OⅡ OI,1 OI,2 KNN ∂u3/∂η3 0.103 0.542 0.125 –0.158 –0.125 –0.135 ∂u1/∂η5 0.094 0.828 0.194 –0.235 –0.061 –0.309 -
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