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With the miniaturization and functionalization of electronic devices, wearable electronics has drawn generally attention, but the energy supply for wearable electronics becomes one of the most burning questions. The triboelectric nanogenerator based on the coupling effects of electrostatic induction and triboelectrification, which has low cost and wide material selection attributes, proves to be a powerful technology for converting low-frequency mechanical energy into electricity. In this review, the four fundamental modes of triboelectric nanogenerator and the physical mechanism of contact-electrification are presented first. Then, we introduce the research progress of wearable from the direct and indirect aspects. Directly wearable triboelectric nanogenerator can be integrated into a skin while indirectly wearable device is only allowed to assemble into user’s clothing or its appendages. In addition, the power management circuits for driving electronic devices and energy storage are summarized. Finally, we discuss the current bottlenecks and present our perspectives on future directions in this field.
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图 2 TENG的四种基本工作模式和物理机理 (a) TENG的四种基本工作模式[49]; (b)固体与固体接触起电中的电子云势垒模型[20]; (c)固体与液体接触起电的电子云势垒模型[50]
Figure 2. The four fundamental modes of the TENG and the mechanisms of contact electrification: (a) The four fundamental modes of the TENG[49]; the overlapped electron-cloud model proposed for explaining contact electrification (b) between solid and solid state[20], (c) between solid and liquid state[50].
图 3 聚合物材料的分子结构对摩擦起电效果的影响机制 (a) 聚合物材料离子辐照和接触起电过程的示意图[60]; (b) 主链相同侧链不同的聚合物电子云模型示意图[61]
Figure 3. Influence of molecular structure of polymer materials on triboelectrification: (a) Schematic diagram of ion irradiation and contact electrification of polymer materials[60]; (b) the main chain is same, the electron cloud range of different groups in the side chain[61].
图 4 织物基间接式可穿戴能源器件研究进展 (a) 三维双面互锁的织物基TENG[43]; (b) 用于生物运动能量收集的直流纤维基TENG[65]; (c) 三维正交编织的TENG[66]
Figure 4. Textile-based indirectly wearable TENG: (a) 3D double-faced interlock fabric TENG for bio-motion energy harvesting[43]; (b) direct current fabric TENG for biomotion energy harvesting[65]; (c) 3D orthogonal woven TENG[66].
图 5 薄膜基的间接式可穿戴能源器件研究进展 (a) 超薄的单电极模式TENG[67]; (b) 可穿戴的TENG[68]; (c) 表面的透气TENG[69]; (d) 超薄的TENG[70]
Figure 5. Thin film-based indirectly wearable TENG: (a) An ultrathin flexible single-electrode TENG[67]; (b) wearable triboelectric generator[68]; (c) gas-permeable on-skin TENG[69]; (d) TENG with ultrathin thickness[70].
图 6 弹性体结构的间接式可穿戴能源器件研究进展 (a) 可拉伸的防水TENG[45]; (b) 自充电能量包[71]; (c) 可水下使用的TENG[72]; (d) 全弹性结构的TENG[73]
Figure 6. Elastomer-based indirectly wearable TENG: (a) Stretchable and waterproof TENG [45]; (b) self-charging power package[71]; (c) a bionic stretchable nanogenerator[72]; (d) fully elastic TENG[73].
图 8 织物基直接式可穿戴能源器件研究进展 (a)一种高度可拉伸、可水洗的全纱TENG[76]; (b)具有黑磷包覆结构的TENG[77]; (c)单根纤维组成的TENG[78]; (d)单股纤维纺织的柔性摩擦电纳米发电机[79]
Figure 8. Textile-based directly wearable TENG: (a) A highly stretchable and washable all-yarn based self-charging knitting power textile[76]; (b) skin-touch-actuated textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator[77]; (c) single-thread-based TENG[78]; (d) flexible single-strand fiber-based woven structured triboelectric nanogenerator[79].
图 9 基于薄膜的直接式可穿戴能源器件研究进展 (a) 柔性可拉伸的TENG[80]; (b) 基于纳米纤维膜的TENG[81]; (c) 柔韧、轻巧的TENG[82]; (d)具有抗菌特性的TENG[83]
Figure 9. Thin film-based directly wearable TENG: (a) Flexible and stretchable TENG[80]; (b) crumpled nanofibrous membranes based TENG[81]; (c) a flexible, lightweight TENG[82]; (d) a breathable and antibacterial TENG[83].
图 12 电路管理系统研究进展 (a) 自驱动系统结构示意图; (b) 高效存储TENG产生的能量[41]; (c) 一个通用的自充电系统[40]; (d)通用的能量管理策略[12]; (e)基于分形设计的开关电容换能器[87]
Figure 12. Advances in power management circuits: (a) Self-charging power systems; (b) effective energy storage from a triboelectric nanogenerator[41]; (c) a universal self-charging system[40]; (d) universal power management strategy[12]; (e) switched-capacitor-convertors for output power management[87].
表 1 可穿戴能源器件输出特性对比
Table 1. The output performance of wearable electronics.
分类 主要材料 尺寸/cm2 开路电压VOC/C 短路电流ISC/μA 转移电荷量Q/nc 峰值功率密度P/mW·m–2 间
接
式织物 聚酯纤维、不锈钢[66] 18.0 45 1.80 18.0 263.36 尼龙66[65] 47.6 4500 40.00 4470.0 — 薄膜 炭油、弹性体膜[70] 9.0 115 3.00 — — 聚丙烯、氧化铟锡、氟化乙烯丙烯共聚物[67] 65.0 150 60.00 100.0 1320.00 弹性体 硅橡胶、炭黑、聚吡咯[45] 26.6 120 3.60 239.4 — 硅橡胶 银纳米线[71] 28.0 250 — 160.0 — 直
接
式织物 黑磷、纤维素油酰酯[77] 49.0 880 40.00 4000.0 5500.00 硅橡胶 不锈钢 聚酯纤维[76] 16.0 150 3.00 52.0 85.00 薄 聚乳酸、聚乙烯醇、银纳米线[83] 16.0 95 3.00 30.0 130.00 聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯、氧化石墨烯、弹性体[81] 9.0 80 1.67 30.0 500.00 弹性体 聚二甲基硅氧烷、离子水凝胶、VHB [84] 12.0 145 1.50 47.0 35.00 聚乙撑二氧噻吩掺杂聚
(苯乙烯磺酸盐)/硅橡胶[85]18.0 265 24.90 85.0 14.00 -
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