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The performances of metamaterial absorbers can be affected by the incidence angle of electromagnetic wave. It is difficult to design the incidence angle-insensitive metamaterial absorbers. In this paper, we propose a metamaterial absorber with wide-angle incidence based on the equivalent medium theory. The absorber unit consists of a double-sided split resonant ring placed vertically on the ground. The resistors and capacitors are loaded at the opening of the resonant ring. The resistor is used to adjust the equivalent electromagnetic parameters of the metamaterial, and the capacitor is used to control the resonant frequency of the metamaterial and miniaturize the unit. When the transverse electric (TE) plane wave impinges on the surface of the absorber, R = 4000 Ohm and C = 1.5 pF, the proposed absorber can achieve an absorptivity greater than 90% at 1.59 GHz up to an incidence angle reaching 70°. Besides, the absorber can achieve an 85% absorptivity under an incidence angle of 75°. when the transverse magnetic (TM) plane wave impinges on the surface of the absorbers, R = 1200 Ω and C = 1.5 pF, the proposed absorber can achieve an absorptivity of greater than 90% at 1.59 GHz up to a 70°incidence angle. Besides, the absorber can also achieve an absorptivity of 85% up to 75°. The results show that the measurement results are basically consistent with the simulation results. In addition, when the capacitance is changed while the other parameters are fixed, the metamaterial absorber proposed in this paper still has the same wide-angle absorbing performance at the new resonant frequency. In other words, the proposed absorber has broadband operating characteristics. A frequency-tunable metamaterial absorber with wide-angle incidence can be designed based on the aforementioned results. The results in this paper provide a method of tuning capacitance. The opening is set at the other end of the split ring, and the same fixed-value resistor and variable capacitor are loaded on the left opening, and the corresponding DC bias feeder is designed. One end of the DC bias line is directly connected to the ground, and the other end needs to be separately connected to the other DC bias feeder of each unit to realize the control of the variable capacitors of each unit.
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图 1 单元模型和理论模型 (a)宽角超材料吸波体单元模型; (b)理论分析模型
Figure 1. Unit cell and theoretical model: (a) Wide-angle metamaterial absorber unit cell; (b) theoretical model.
图 2 超材料吸波体的谐振频率随电容的变化 (a) TE波照射; (b) TM波照射
Figure 2. Resonant frequency of metamaterial absorber varies with capacitance: (a) TE wave; (b) TM wave.
图 3 超材料的等效磁导率虚部和实部以及超材料吸波体反射系数随电阻R的变化 (a) TE波照射时磁导率实部; (b) TE波照射时磁导率虚部; (c) TM波照射时磁导率实部; (d) TM波照射时虚部; (e) TE波照射超材料吸波体反射系数随电阻R的变化; (f) TM波照射超材料吸波体反射系数随电阻R的变化
Figure 3. The imaginary parts and real parts of the equivalent permeability of the metamaterial and the reflection coefficient of the absorber varies with the resistor: (a) Real parts of the equivalent permeability under TE wave; (b) imaginary parts of the equivalent permeability under TE wave; (c) real parts of the equivalent permeability under TM wave; (d) imaginary parts of the equivalent permeability under TM wave; (e) the reflection coefficient of the absorber varies with the resistor under TE wave; (f) the reflection coefficient of the absorber varies with the resistor under TM wave.
图 4 等效磁导率 (a) TE波照射; (b) TM波照射
Figure 4. The equivalent permeability (a) TE wave; (b) TM wave.
图 5 超材料吸波体反射系数随角度的变化 (a) TE波照射; (b) TM波照射
Figure 5. The reflection coefficient of the absorber varies with incidence angle (a) TE wave; (b) TM wave
图 6 理论计算结果与TE波照射下R = 4000 Ω, C = 1.5 pF和TM波照射下R = 1200 Ω, C = 1.5 pF的仿真结果对比
Figure 6. Comparison of theoretical results and simulation results when R = 4000 Ω, C = 1.5 pF under TE wave and R = 1200 Ω, C = 1.5 pF under TM wave.
图 7 测量系统
Figure 7. Measurement system.
图 8 实物和实测场景 (a)样品; (b)测试场景
Figure 8. Sample and Measurement scene: (a) Sample; (b) measurement scene.
图 9 测量结果 (a) TE波照射; (b) TM波照射
Figure 9. Measurement results: (a) TE wave; (b) TM wave.
图 10 不同容值下的宽角吸波效果 (a) TE波照射; (b) TM波照射
Figure 10. Performance of wide-angle absorber with different capacitance: (a) TE wave; (b) TM wave.
图 11 频率可调超材料吸波结构
Figure 11. Frequency-tunable metamaterial absorber.
图 12 频率可调超材料吸波结构不同电容值下的反射系数 (a) TE波; (b) TM波
Figure 12. Reflection coefficient of frequency-tunable metamaterial absorber with different capacitance capacitors: (a) TE wave; (b) TM wave.
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[1] Landy N I, Sajuyigbe S, Mock J J, Smith D R, Padilla W J 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 207402
Google Scholar
[2] Wang B X, Zhai X, Wang G Z, Huang W Q, Wang L L 2015 IEEE Photonics J. 7 4600108
Google Scholar
[3] Ding F, Cui X, Ge C, Jin Y, He S L 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 103506
Google Scholar
[4] Lin X Q, Mei P, Zhang P C, Chen Z Z D, Fan Y 2016 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 64 4910
Google Scholar
[5] Hao J P, Lheurette E, Burgnies L, Okada E, Lippens D 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 081102
Google Scholar
[6] Deng T W, Li Z W, Chen Z N 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65 5886
Google Scholar
[7] Shang Y P, Shen Z X, Xiao S Q 2013 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 61 6022
Google Scholar
[8] Rozanov K N 2000 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 48 1230
Google Scholar
[9] Chen H T 2012 Opt. Express 20 7165
Google Scholar
[10] 顾超, 屈绍波, 裴志斌, 徐卓, 林宝勤, 周航, 柏鹏, 顾巍, 彭卫东, 马华 2011 物理学报 60 087802
Google Scholar
Gu C, Qu S B, Pei Z B, Xu Z, Lin B Q, Zhou H, Bai P, Gu W, Peng W D, Ma H 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 087802
Google Scholar
[11] 程用志, 聂彦, 龚荣洲, 王鲜 2013 物理学报 62 044103
Google Scholar
Chen Y Z, Nie Y, Gong R Z, Wang X 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 044103
Google Scholar
[12] 熊益军, 王岩, 王强, 王春齐, 黄小忠, 张芬, 周丁 2018 物理学报 67 084202
Google Scholar
Xiong Y J, Wang Y, Wang Q, Wang C Q, Huang X Z, Zhang F, Zhou D 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 084202
Google Scholar
[13] 李宇涵, 邓联文, 罗衡, 贺龙辉, 贺君, 徐运超, 黄生祥 2019 物理学报 68 095201
Google Scholar
Li YH, Deng L W, Luo H, He L H, He J, Xu Y C, Huang S X 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 095201
Google Scholar
[14] Tao H, Bingham C M, Strikwerda A C, Pilon D, Shrekenhamer, Landy N I, Fan K, Zhang X, Padilla, Averitt 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 241103
Google Scholar
[15] Wang B N, Koschny T, Soukouli Costa M 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 033108
Google Scholar
[16] Lee D, Hwang J G, Lim D, Hara T, Lim S 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 27155
Google Scholar
[17] Nguyen T T, Lim S 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 3204
Google Scholar
[18] Lim D, Lee D, Lim S 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 39686
Google Scholar
[19] Wang J Y, Yang R C, Tian J P, Wei C X, Zhang W M 2018 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17 1242
Google Scholar
[20] Amiri M, Tofigh F, Shariati N, Lipman J, Abolhasan M 2020 Sci. Rep. 10 13638
Google Scholar
[21] Assimonis S D, Fusco V 2019 Sci. Rep. 9 2082
Google Scholar
[22] Huang X T, Lu C H, Rong C C, Liu M H 2018 Opt. Mater. Exp. 8 2520
Google Scholar
[23] Singh H S 2020 Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett. 62 718
Google Scholar
[24] Abdulkarim Y, Deng L W, Luo H, Huang S X, He L H, Han L Y, Muhammadsharif F F, Altintas O, Sabah C, Karaaslan M 2020 Bull. Mater. Sci. 43 116
Google Scholar
[25] Ji S J, Jiang C X, Zhao J, Yang J L, Wang J L, Dai H D 2019 Curr. Appl. Phys. 19 1164
Google Scholar
[26] Jin Y, Xiao S S, Mortensen N A, He S L 2011 Opt. Express 19 11114
Google Scholar
[27] Feng S M, Halterman K 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 165103
Google Scholar
[28] Zhong S M, He S L 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 2083
Google Scholar
[29] 吴雨明, 丁霄, 王任, 王秉中 2020 物理学报 69 054202
Google Scholar
Wu Y M, Ding X, Wang R, Wang B Z 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 054202
Google Scholar
[30] Chen X D, Grzegorczyk T M, Wu B I, Pacheco J, Kong J A 2004 Phys. Rev. E 70 016608
Google Scholar
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