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Quantum entanglement is an essential quantum resource. With the development of quantum information science, quantum network consisting of quantum nodes and quantum channels has attracted extensive attention. The development of quantum information network requires the capability of generating, storing and distributing quantum entanglement among multiple quantum nodes. It is significant to construct the quantum information, and it has very important applications in the distributed quantum computation and quantum internet. Here we propose a simple and feasible scheme to deterministically entangle three distant atomic ensembles via the interference and feedforward network of the light-atom mixed entanglement. Firstly, three atomic ensembles placed at three remote nodes in a quantum network are prepared into the mixed entangled state of light and atomic ensembles via the spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS) process. Then, the first and second Stokes optical field are interfered on an R1∶T1 optical beam splitter (BS1), and one of the output optical fields from the first optical beam splitter is interfered with the third Stokes field on the second R2∶T2 optical beam splitter (BS2). The quantum fluctuations of the amplitude and phase quadratures of these three output optical fields from BS1 and BS2 are detected by three sets of balanced homodyne detectors, respectively. Finally, the detected signals of the amplitude and phase quadratures are fed to the three atomic ensembles via the radio frequency coils to establish the entanglement among three remote atomic ensembles. At the user-controlled time, three read optical pulses can be applied to these three atomic ensembles to convert the stored entangled state from the atomic spin waves into the anti-Stokes optical fields via the SRS process. According to the tripartite inseparability criterion, the correlation variance combinations of these three anti-Stokes optical fields can be used to verify the performance of entanglement of three atomic ensembles. This scheme can be extended to larger-scale quantum information network with different physical systems and more atomic nodes. Moreover, the entanglement distillation can be combined with this scheme to realize the entanglement among longer distance quantum nodes.
[1] Braunstein S L, van Loock P 2005 Rev. Mod. Phys. 77 513Google Scholar
[2] Pan J W, Chen Z B, Lu C Y, Weinfurter H, Zeilinger A, Żukowski M 2012 Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 777Google Scholar
[3] Kimble H J 2008 Nature 453 1023Google Scholar
[4] Hosseini M, Sparkes B M, Campbell G, Lam P K, Buchler B C 2011 Nat. Commun. 2 174Google Scholar
[5] Parigi V, D'Ambrosio V, Arnold C, Marrucci L, Sciarrino F, Laurat J 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7706Google Scholar
[6] Yan Z H, Jia X J 2017 Quantum Sci. Technol. 2 024003Google Scholar
[7] 邓瑞婕, 闫智辉, 贾晓军 2017 物理学报 66 074201Google Scholar
Deng R J, Yan Z H, Jia X J 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 074201Google Scholar
[8] 刘艳红, 吴量, 闫智辉, 贾晓军, 彭堃墀 2019 物理学报 68 034202Google Scholar
Liu Y H, Wu L, Yan Z H, Jia X J, Peng K C 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 034202Google Scholar
[9] Pu Y F, Jiang N, Chang W, Yang H X, Li C, Duan L M 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15359Google Scholar
[10] 闫妍, 李淑静, 田龙, 王海 2016 物理学报 65 014205Google Scholar
Yan Y, Li S J, Tian L, Wang H 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 014205Google Scholar
[11] Specht H P, Nölleke C, Reiserer A, Uphoff M, Figueroa E, Ritter S, Rempe G 2011 Nature 473 190Google Scholar
[12] Facon A, Dietsche E K, Grosso D, Haroche S, Raimond J M, Brune M, Gleyzes S 2016 Nature 535 262Google Scholar
[13] Langer C, Ozeri R, Jost J D, Chiaverini J, DeMarco B, Ben-Kish A, Blakestad R B, Britton J, Hume D B, Itano W M, Leibfried D, Reichle R, Rosenband T, Schaetz T, Schmidt P O, Wineland D J 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 060502Google Scholar
[14] Stute A, Casabone B, Schindler P, Monz T, Schmidt P O, Brandstätter B, Northup T E, Blatt R 2012 Nature 485 482Google Scholar
[15] Hucul D, Inlek I V, Vittorini G, Crocker C, Debnath S, Clark S M, Monroe C 2015 Nature Phys. 11 37Google Scholar
[16] Fiore V, Yang Y, Kuzyk M C, Barbour R, Tian L, Wang H 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 133601Google Scholar
[17] Lee H, Suh M G, Chen T, Li J, Diddams S A, Vahala K J 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2468Google Scholar
[18] Riedinger R, Hong S, Norte R A, Slater J A, Shang J, Krause A G, Anant V, Aspelmeyer M, Gröblacher S 2016 Nature 530 313Google Scholar
[19] Riedinger R, Wallucks A, Marinković I, Löschnauer C, Aspelmeyer M, Hong S, Gröblacher S 2018 Nature 556 473Google Scholar
[20] Kiesewetter S, Teh R Y, Drummond P D, Reid M D 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 023601Google Scholar
[21] Flurin E, Roch N, Pillet J D, Mallet F, Huard B 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 090503Google Scholar
[22] Axline C J, Burkhart L D, Pfaff W, Zhang M Z, Chou K, Campagne-Ibarcq P, Reinhold P, Frunzio L, Girvin S M, Jiang L, Devoret M H, Schoelkopf R J 2018 Nature Phys. 14 705Google Scholar
[23] Kurpiers P, Magnard P, Walter T, Royer B, Pechal M, Heinsoo J, Salathé Y, Akin A, Storz S, Besse J C, Gasparinetti S, Blais A, Wallraff A 2018 Nature 558 264Google Scholar
[24] Clausen C, Usmani I, Bussières F, Sangouard N, Afzelius M, de Riedmatten H, Gisin N 2011 Nature 469 508Google Scholar
[25] Saglamyurek E, Sinclair N, Jin J, Slater J A, Oblak D, Bussières F, George M, Ricken R, Sohler W, Tittel W 2011 Nature 469 512Google Scholar
[26] Zhong M, Hedges M P, Ahlefeldt R L, Bartholomew J G, Beavan S E, Wittig S M, Longdell J J, Sellars M J 2015 Nature 517 177Google Scholar
[27] Gao W B, Fallahi P, Togan E, Miguel-Sanchez J, Imamoglu A 2012 Nature 491 426Google Scholar
[28] Chou C W, de Riedmatten H, Felinto D, Polyakov S V, van Enk S J, Kimble H J 2005 Nature 438 828Google Scholar
[29] Chanelière T, Matsukevich D N, Jenkins S D, Lan S Y, Kennedy T A B, Kuzmich A 2005 Nature 438 833Google Scholar
[30] Eisaman M D, André A, Massou F, Fleischhauer M, Zibrov A S, Lukin M D 2005 Nature 438 837Google Scholar
[31] Ritter S, Nölleke C, Hahn C, Reiserer A, Neuzner A, Upho M, Mücke M, Figueroa E, Bochmann J, Rempe G 2012 Nature 484 195Google Scholar
[32] Moehring D L, Maunz P, Olmschenk S, Younge K C, Matsukevich D N, Duan L M, Monroe C 2007 Nature 449 68Google Scholar
[33] Usmani I, Clausen C, Bussières F, Sangouard N, Afzelius M, Gisin N 2012 Nature Photon. 6 234Google Scholar
[34] Pfaff W, Hensen B J, Bernien H, van Dam S B, Blok M S, Taminiau T H, Tiggelman M J, Schouten R N, Markham M, Twitchen D J, Hanson R 2014 Science 345 532Google Scholar
[35] Yuan Z S, Chen Y A, Zhao B, Chen S, Schmiedmayer J, Pan J W 2008 Nature 454 1098Google Scholar
[36] Julsgaard B, Kozhekin A, Polzik E S 2001 Nature 413 400Google Scholar
[37] Krauter H, Muschik C A, Jensen K, Wasilewski W, Petersen J M, Cirac J I, Polzik E S 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 080503Google Scholar
[38] Liu Y H, Yan Z H, Jia X J, Xie C D 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 25715Google Scholar
[39] Choi K S, Goban A, Papp S B, van Enk S J, Kimble H J 2010 Nature 468 412Google Scholar
[40] Jing B, Wang X J, Yu Y, Sun P F, Jiang Y, Yang S J, Jiang W H, Luo X Y, Zhang J, Jiang X, Bao X H, Pan J W 2019 Nature Photon. 13 210Google Scholar
[41] Yan Z H, Wu L, Jia X J, Liu Y H, Deng R J, Li S J, Wang H, Xie C D, Peng K C 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 718Google Scholar
[42] 闫智辉, 贾晓军, 谢常德, 彭堃墀 2012 物理学报 61 014206Google Scholar
Yan Z H, Jia X J, Xie C D, Peng K C 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 014206Google Scholar
[43] 周瑶瑶, 田剑锋, 闫智辉, 贾晓军 2019 物理学报 68 064205Google Scholar
Zhou Y Y, Tian J F, Yan Z H, Jia X J 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 064205Google Scholar
[44] Duan L M, Giedke G, Cirac J I, Zoller P 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 2722Google Scholar
[45] Simon R 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 2726Google Scholar
[46] Duan L M, Lukin M D, Cirac J I, Zoller P 2001 Nature 414 413Google Scholar
[47] Yang S J, Wang X J, Bao X H, Pan J W 2016 Nature Photon. 10 381Google Scholar
[48] Maring N, Farrera P, Kutluer K, Mazzera M, Heinze G, de Riedmatten H 2017 Nature 551 485Google Scholar
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图 2 原子系综关联方差之和E1, E2, E3随光学分束片BS2的反射率R2的变化曲线 (a), (c), (e) BS1的反射率
${R_1} = 0.1,\; 0.2,\; $ $ 0.3,\; 0.5$ ; (b), (d), (f) BS1的反射率${R_1} = 0.5, {{0}}{{.7, 0}}{{.9}}$ Figure 2. Dependence of the correlation variance combinations of atomic ensembles E1, E2, E3 on the reflectivity R2 of the second optical beam splitter BS2: (a), (c), (e) Reflectivity
${R_1} = 0.1,\; 0.2,\; 0.3, \;0.5$ of BS1; (b), (d), (f) reflectivity${R_1} = 0.5, 0.7, 0.9$ of BS1.图 3 原子系综关联方差之和E1, E2, E3与前馈增益因子
${g_2}$ 的变化曲线 (a)${g_1} = 0.7, \;0.{8},\; 0.9, \;1.{{0}}$ 时, E1的变化曲线; (b)${g_3} = 0.{{7}},\; 0.{8},\; {{0}}{{.9}},\; 1.{{0}}$ 时, E3曲线; (c)${g_1} = 0.{{7}},\; $ $ 0.{8},\; {{0}}{{.9}},\; 1.{{0}}$ 时, E2的变化Figure 3. Correlation variance combinations E1, E2 and E3 versus the feedforward gain factor
${g_2}$ : (a) The correlation variance combination E1 versus${g_2}$ when${g_1} = 0.{{7}},\; $ $ 0.{8}, \;{{0}}{{.9}},\; 1.{{0}}$ ; (b) the correlation variance combinations E3 versus${g_2}$ when${g_3} = 0.{{7}},\; 0.{8}, \;{{0}}{{.9}},\; 1.{{0}}$ ; (c) the correlation variance combinations E2 versus${g_2}$ when${g_{1}} = 0.{{7}},\; 0.{8}, $ $ {{0}}{{.9}},\; 1.{{0}}$ . -
[1] Braunstein S L, van Loock P 2005 Rev. Mod. Phys. 77 513Google Scholar
[2] Pan J W, Chen Z B, Lu C Y, Weinfurter H, Zeilinger A, Żukowski M 2012 Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 777Google Scholar
[3] Kimble H J 2008 Nature 453 1023Google Scholar
[4] Hosseini M, Sparkes B M, Campbell G, Lam P K, Buchler B C 2011 Nat. Commun. 2 174Google Scholar
[5] Parigi V, D'Ambrosio V, Arnold C, Marrucci L, Sciarrino F, Laurat J 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7706Google Scholar
[6] Yan Z H, Jia X J 2017 Quantum Sci. Technol. 2 024003Google Scholar
[7] 邓瑞婕, 闫智辉, 贾晓军 2017 物理学报 66 074201Google Scholar
Deng R J, Yan Z H, Jia X J 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 074201Google Scholar
[8] 刘艳红, 吴量, 闫智辉, 贾晓军, 彭堃墀 2019 物理学报 68 034202Google Scholar
Liu Y H, Wu L, Yan Z H, Jia X J, Peng K C 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 034202Google Scholar
[9] Pu Y F, Jiang N, Chang W, Yang H X, Li C, Duan L M 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15359Google Scholar
[10] 闫妍, 李淑静, 田龙, 王海 2016 物理学报 65 014205Google Scholar
Yan Y, Li S J, Tian L, Wang H 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 014205Google Scholar
[11] Specht H P, Nölleke C, Reiserer A, Uphoff M, Figueroa E, Ritter S, Rempe G 2011 Nature 473 190Google Scholar
[12] Facon A, Dietsche E K, Grosso D, Haroche S, Raimond J M, Brune M, Gleyzes S 2016 Nature 535 262Google Scholar
[13] Langer C, Ozeri R, Jost J D, Chiaverini J, DeMarco B, Ben-Kish A, Blakestad R B, Britton J, Hume D B, Itano W M, Leibfried D, Reichle R, Rosenband T, Schaetz T, Schmidt P O, Wineland D J 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 060502Google Scholar
[14] Stute A, Casabone B, Schindler P, Monz T, Schmidt P O, Brandstätter B, Northup T E, Blatt R 2012 Nature 485 482Google Scholar
[15] Hucul D, Inlek I V, Vittorini G, Crocker C, Debnath S, Clark S M, Monroe C 2015 Nature Phys. 11 37Google Scholar
[16] Fiore V, Yang Y, Kuzyk M C, Barbour R, Tian L, Wang H 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 133601Google Scholar
[17] Lee H, Suh M G, Chen T, Li J, Diddams S A, Vahala K J 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2468Google Scholar
[18] Riedinger R, Hong S, Norte R A, Slater J A, Shang J, Krause A G, Anant V, Aspelmeyer M, Gröblacher S 2016 Nature 530 313Google Scholar
[19] Riedinger R, Wallucks A, Marinković I, Löschnauer C, Aspelmeyer M, Hong S, Gröblacher S 2018 Nature 556 473Google Scholar
[20] Kiesewetter S, Teh R Y, Drummond P D, Reid M D 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 023601Google Scholar
[21] Flurin E, Roch N, Pillet J D, Mallet F, Huard B 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 090503Google Scholar
[22] Axline C J, Burkhart L D, Pfaff W, Zhang M Z, Chou K, Campagne-Ibarcq P, Reinhold P, Frunzio L, Girvin S M, Jiang L, Devoret M H, Schoelkopf R J 2018 Nature Phys. 14 705Google Scholar
[23] Kurpiers P, Magnard P, Walter T, Royer B, Pechal M, Heinsoo J, Salathé Y, Akin A, Storz S, Besse J C, Gasparinetti S, Blais A, Wallraff A 2018 Nature 558 264Google Scholar
[24] Clausen C, Usmani I, Bussières F, Sangouard N, Afzelius M, de Riedmatten H, Gisin N 2011 Nature 469 508Google Scholar
[25] Saglamyurek E, Sinclair N, Jin J, Slater J A, Oblak D, Bussières F, George M, Ricken R, Sohler W, Tittel W 2011 Nature 469 512Google Scholar
[26] Zhong M, Hedges M P, Ahlefeldt R L, Bartholomew J G, Beavan S E, Wittig S M, Longdell J J, Sellars M J 2015 Nature 517 177Google Scholar
[27] Gao W B, Fallahi P, Togan E, Miguel-Sanchez J, Imamoglu A 2012 Nature 491 426Google Scholar
[28] Chou C W, de Riedmatten H, Felinto D, Polyakov S V, van Enk S J, Kimble H J 2005 Nature 438 828Google Scholar
[29] Chanelière T, Matsukevich D N, Jenkins S D, Lan S Y, Kennedy T A B, Kuzmich A 2005 Nature 438 833Google Scholar
[30] Eisaman M D, André A, Massou F, Fleischhauer M, Zibrov A S, Lukin M D 2005 Nature 438 837Google Scholar
[31] Ritter S, Nölleke C, Hahn C, Reiserer A, Neuzner A, Upho M, Mücke M, Figueroa E, Bochmann J, Rempe G 2012 Nature 484 195Google Scholar
[32] Moehring D L, Maunz P, Olmschenk S, Younge K C, Matsukevich D N, Duan L M, Monroe C 2007 Nature 449 68Google Scholar
[33] Usmani I, Clausen C, Bussières F, Sangouard N, Afzelius M, Gisin N 2012 Nature Photon. 6 234Google Scholar
[34] Pfaff W, Hensen B J, Bernien H, van Dam S B, Blok M S, Taminiau T H, Tiggelman M J, Schouten R N, Markham M, Twitchen D J, Hanson R 2014 Science 345 532Google Scholar
[35] Yuan Z S, Chen Y A, Zhao B, Chen S, Schmiedmayer J, Pan J W 2008 Nature 454 1098Google Scholar
[36] Julsgaard B, Kozhekin A, Polzik E S 2001 Nature 413 400Google Scholar
[37] Krauter H, Muschik C A, Jensen K, Wasilewski W, Petersen J M, Cirac J I, Polzik E S 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 080503Google Scholar
[38] Liu Y H, Yan Z H, Jia X J, Xie C D 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 25715Google Scholar
[39] Choi K S, Goban A, Papp S B, van Enk S J, Kimble H J 2010 Nature 468 412Google Scholar
[40] Jing B, Wang X J, Yu Y, Sun P F, Jiang Y, Yang S J, Jiang W H, Luo X Y, Zhang J, Jiang X, Bao X H, Pan J W 2019 Nature Photon. 13 210Google Scholar
[41] Yan Z H, Wu L, Jia X J, Liu Y H, Deng R J, Li S J, Wang H, Xie C D, Peng K C 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 718Google Scholar
[42] 闫智辉, 贾晓军, 谢常德, 彭堃墀 2012 物理学报 61 014206Google Scholar
Yan Z H, Jia X J, Xie C D, Peng K C 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 014206Google Scholar
[43] 周瑶瑶, 田剑锋, 闫智辉, 贾晓军 2019 物理学报 68 064205Google Scholar
Zhou Y Y, Tian J F, Yan Z H, Jia X J 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 064205Google Scholar
[44] Duan L M, Giedke G, Cirac J I, Zoller P 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 2722Google Scholar
[45] Simon R 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 2726Google Scholar
[46] Duan L M, Lukin M D, Cirac J I, Zoller P 2001 Nature 414 413Google Scholar
[47] Yang S J, Wang X J, Bao X H, Pan J W 2016 Nature Photon. 10 381Google Scholar
[48] Maring N, Farrera P, Kutluer K, Mazzera M, Heinze G, de Riedmatten H 2017 Nature 551 485Google Scholar
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