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A variety of carbon-based thin films are prepared by self-developed helicon wave plasma chemical vapor deposition (HMHX, HWP-CVD) through changing the parameters of plasma discharge. The Ar/CH4 plasma discharge is diagnosed in situ by Langmuir probe, emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The carbon thin films are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy (Raman). The results show that under the given parameters, the plasma discharge modes are all helicon wave discharge modes. Under a given CH4 flow rate, the energy distribution in the plasma is enough to dissociate the methane molecules and form carbon free radicals. The preparation of different carbon-based films is realized by adjusting the CH4 fluence. The research result shows that when the plasma is rich in CH and H radicals, it is suitable for growing diamond-like carbon films. When the plasma is rich in C2 radicals and less H, it is favorable for growing vertical graphene nanosheets. According to the results of plasma diagnosis and material characterization, the decomposition mechanism of methane molecules under the action of Ar helicon wave plasma (HWP) is proposed, and the growth model of carbon-based materials is established, the feasibility of Ar/CH4-HWP in the preparation of carbon-based nanomaterials is verified, which provides a reference for preparing the carbon-based materials by HWP-CVD technology.
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Keywords:
- optical emission spectroscope /
- mass spectroscopy /
- carbon nanomaterials /
- helicon wave plasma
[1] Dennison J R, Mark H, Greg S 1996 Spectroscopy 11 38
[2] Roger N 2019 Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering (1st Ed.) (Amsterdam: Elsevier) p52
[3] Robertson J 2002 Mater. Sci. Eng., R 37 129
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[4] Cheng C Y, Teii K 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 1783
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图 1 HMHX系统原理图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of HMHX system.
图 2 (a)纯氩、CH4流量为85和145 sccm时的发射谱线图; (b)−(d)对应纯氩气、CH4流量为85和145 sccm时的放电照片图
Figure 2. (a) OES of pure argon, methane with the flow rate of 85 and 145 sccm; (b)−(d) discharge photos of pure argon, methane with the flow rate of 85 and 145 sccm.
图 3 CH, C2, H Balmer和Ar*的发射强度与CH4流量的关系
Figure 3. Emission intensity of CH, C2, H Balmer and Ar* as a function of methane flow rate.
图 4 不同CH4流量下的电子能量分布函数
Figure 4. Electron energy distribution function at different methane flow rates.
图 5 电子密度和放电气压随CH4流量增加的变化情况
Figure 5. Electron density and discharge pressure as a function of methane flow.
图 6 (a) +Ion谱图(CH4 85 sccm); (b)不同CH4流量下等离子体中+Ion含量变化; (c)中性粒子谱图(CH4 85 sccm); (d)不同CH4流量下等离子体中中性粒子含量变化. SEM, 二次电子倍增
Figure 6. (a) +Ion mass spectrometry (CH4 85 sccm); (b) +Ion content in plasma under different methane flow; (c) RGA mass spectrometry (CH4 85 sccm); (d) RGA content in plasma under different methane flow. SEM, secondary electron multiplier.
图 7 Ar/CH4螺旋波等离子体化学气相沉积制备碳基薄膜动力学过程
Figure 7. Kinetic process of carbon-based thin films prepared by Ar/CH4 HWP-CVD.
图 8 (a)不同CH4流量下碳基薄膜拉曼光谱图; (b)—(g)不同CH4流量情况下制备的碳基薄膜表面形貌图
Figure 8. (a) Raman spectra of carbon-based thin films under different methane flow rates; (b)–(g) surface morphology of carbon nano-film under different methane flow.
表 1 Ar/CH4螺旋波等离子体中物质反应过程
Table 1. Species reaction process in Ar/CH4 HWP-CVD.
等离子体中
主要物质产生过程 参考文献 Ar+/* ${\rm{A} }{\rm{r} }\stackrel{ {{E} }\;{\rm{a} }{\rm{n} }{\rm{d} }\;{{H} } }{\longrightarrow }{\rm{Ar} }^{*}+{\rm{e} }^{-}$ [22, 24] $ {\rm{Ar}}^{*}+{\rm{e}}^{-}\Rightarrow {\rm{Ar}}^{+}+{2{\rm{e}}}^{-} $ $ {\rm{A}}{\rm{r}}+{\rm{e}}^{-}\Rightarrow {\rm{Ar}}^{*}+{\rm{e}}^{-} $ H $ {\rm{Ar}}^{*}+{{\rm{H}}}_{2}\Rightarrow {{\rm{A}}{\rm{r}}{\rm{H}}}^{*}+{\rm{H}} $ [20, 22, 24] $ {\rm{CH}}_{4}+{\rm{e}}\Rightarrow {{\rm{CH}}_{3}}^{+}+{\rm{H}}+2{\rm{e}} $ $ \Rightarrow {{\rm{CH}}_{2}}^{+}+{{\rm{H}}}_{2} $ $ \Rightarrow {\rm{C}}{\rm{H}}+{\rm{H}}+{{\rm{H}}}_{2} $ $ \Rightarrow {\rm{C}}+{2{\rm{H}}}_{2} $ CH $ {\rm{C}}+{\rm{CH}}_{4}\rightleftharpoons {\rm{C}}{\rm{H}}+{\rm{CH}}_{3} $ [26] $ {\rm{CH}}_{2}^{*}+{\rm{H}}\leftrightarrows {\rm{C}}{\rm{H}}+{{\rm{H}}}_{2} $ C2 $ {\rm{A}}{\rm{r}}+{{\rm{C}}}_{2}{{\rm{H}}}_{2}\Rightarrow {{\rm{C}}}_{2}+{{\rm{H}}}_{2}+{\rm{A}}{\rm{r}} $ [24] $ {\rm{C}}+{\rm{C}}{\rm{H}}\rightleftharpoons {{\rm{C}}}_{2}+{\rm{H}} $ $ {{\rm{C}}}_{2}{\rm{H}}+{\rm{H}}\rightleftharpoons {{\rm{C}}}_{2}+{{\rm{H}}}_{2} $ $ {{\rm{C}}}_{2}{\rm{H}}+{\rm{M}}\rightleftharpoons {{\rm{C}}}_{2}+{\rm{H}}+{\rm{M}} $ C2H2 $ {\rm{C}}{\rm{H}}+{\rm{CH}}_{2}\rightleftharpoons {{\rm{C}}}_{2}{{\rm{H}}}_{2}+{\rm{H}} $ [24, 26] $ {\rm{CH}}_{2}+{\rm{CH}}_{2}\rightleftharpoons {{\rm{C}}}_{2}{{\rm{H}}}_{2}+{{\rm{H}}}_{2} $ $ {\rm{CH}}_{2}+{\rm{CH}}_{2}\rightleftharpoons {{\rm{C}}}_{2}{{\rm{H}}}_{2}+2{\rm{H}} $ CHn $ {\rm{Ar}}^{+}+{\rm{CH}}_{4}\rightleftharpoons {\rm{CH}}_{n}+\left(4-n\right){\rm{H}}+{\rm{A}}{\rm{r}} $ [24] $ {\rm{e}}+{\rm{CH}}_{4}\rightleftharpoons {\rm{CH}}_{n}+\left(4-n\right){\rm{H}}+{\rm{e}} $ 
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[1] Dennison J R, Mark H, Greg S 1996 Spectroscopy 11 38
[2] Roger N 2019 Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering (1st Ed.) (Amsterdam: Elsevier) p52
[3] Robertson J 2002 Mater. Sci. Eng., R 37 129
Google Scholar
[4] Cheng C Y, Teii K 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 1783
Google Scholar
[5] Aisenberg S, Chabot R 1971 J. Appl. Phys. 42 2953
Google Scholar
[6] Savvides N, Window 1985 J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 3 2386
Google Scholar
[7] Bleu Y, Bourquard F, Tite T, et al. 2018 Frontiers in Chemistry 6 572
Google Scholar
[8] Entesar A G, Al-Jabarti G A, Reem M A 2020 Mater. Res. Express 7 015002
Google Scholar
[9] Woehrl N, Ochedowski O, Gottlieb S, et al. 2014 AIP Adv. 4 047128
Google Scholar
[10] Chen F F 2015 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24 014001
Google Scholar
[11] Yu W, Wang B Z, Sun Y T, et al. 2003 J. Synth. Cryst. 323 272
[12] Ji P Y, Chen J L, Huang T Y, et al. 2020 Appl. Phys. A 126 247
Google Scholar
[13] Chen J L, Ji P Y, Jin C G, et al. 2019 Plasma Sci. Technol. 21 025502
Google Scholar
[14] Ji P Y, Yu J, Huang T Y, et al. 2018 Plasma Sci. Technol. 20 025505
Google Scholar
[15] Ji P Y, Chen J L, Huang T Y, et al. 2020 Diamond Relat. Mater. 108 107958
Google Scholar
[16] Huang T Y, Ji P Y, Huang J J, et al. 2016 Sci. China, Ser. G 59 645201
Google Scholar
[17] Saikat C T, McCarren D, Lee T, et al. 2015 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 43 2754
Google Scholar
[18] Zhou H, Watanabe J, Miyake M, et al. 2007 Diamond Relat. Mater. 16 675
Google Scholar
[19] Ostrikov K K, Xu S 2007 Plasma-Aided Nanofabrication: from Plasma Sources to Nanoassembly (1st Ed.) (Berlin: Wiley-VCH) p182
[20] Majumdar A, Behnke J F, Hippler R, et al. 2005 J. Phys. Chem. A 109 9371
Google Scholar
[21] Elvis O L, Borges F B, Rossi A M, et al. 2017 Vacuum 146 233
Google Scholar
[22] Zhou J, Martin I T, Ayers R, et al. 2006 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 154 714
Google Scholar
[23] Shui X Z, Ru G C 1989 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 112 161
Google Scholar
[24] Riccardi C, Barni R, Fontanesi M, et al. 2000 Czech. J. Phys. 50 389
Google Scholar
[25] Chen F F 1991 Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 334 339
[26] Liu D P, Xu Y, Yang X F, Yu S J, Sun Q, Zhu A M, Ma T C 2002 Diamond Relat. Mater. 11 1491
Google Scholar
[27] Ferrari A C, Robertson J 2004 Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 362 2477
Google Scholar
[28] Castiglioni C, Tommasini M 2007 Opt. Pura Apl. 40 169
[29] Wu Y H, Qiao P W, Chong T, et al. 2010 Adv. Mater. 14 64
[30] Goyette A N, Matsuda Y, Anderson L W, et al. 1998 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 16 337
Google Scholar
[31] Shiomi T, Nagai H, Kato K, et al. 2001 Diamond Relat. Mater. 10 388
Google Scholar
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