Spectral features, temperature and electron density properties of lightning M-component

Wang Xue-Juan; Xu Wei-Qun; Wang Hai-Tong; Yang Jing; Yuan Ping; Zhang Qi-Lin; Hua Le-Yan; Zhang Yuan-Kan

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20201875

Abstract

Using the spectra of the three M-components following a first return stroke recorded by a slitless spectrograph, the spectral features of the M-components are analyzed. Combining with plasma theories, the temperatures and the electron densities of the M-components in the channel core and outer corona sheath are calculated. The variations along the channel of these two parameters are studied, and compared with the corresponding return stroke. The results show that the spectra of the M-components are different from the spectrum of the return stroke. The optical radiation of the M-component is primarily from the spectral lines in infrared waveband. The temperature of the M-component in the channel core can reach 40000 K. The electron density of the M-component in the channel core is on the order of 10¹⁸ cm^–3. The temperature of the M-component in the external corona sheath is about 20000 K. The electron density of the M-component in the external corona sheath is on the order of 10¹⁷ cm^–3. The temperature of the M-component in the channel core decreases with height increasing, while that in the external corona sheath increases with channel height increasing. The electron density of the M-component in the channel core basically does not change with channel height. Whereas, the electron densities in the external corona sheath for two M-components with hard light at the upper end of the channel increase with channel height increasing, and the electron density for one M-component with weak light at upper end of the channel basically does not change with the channel height. By comparison, the temperature in the core channel and in the external corona sheath of the corresponding return stroke both increase with channel height. The electron density in the core channel and in the external corona sheath of the corresponding return stroke both basically remain constant along the channel.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics & Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China

Corresponding author: Wang Xue-Juan, wxj@nuist.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. BK20180805), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42005065), the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, China (Grant No. 2017r065), the Open Grants of the Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. LAGEO-2019-07), the Open Grants of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, China Academy of Meteorological Sciences (Grant No.2020LASW-B14), and the Undergraduate Innovation Project of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, China (Grant No. 201910300133Y)

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References

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Cited By

图 1 回击和M分量的原始发光通道

Figure 1. Original channels of lightning return stroke and M-components.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 回击R和M1, M2, M3的原始光谱

Figure 2. Original spectrum of R, M1, M2 and M3

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 回击R和M1, M2, M3对应通道某一高度处的谱线图

Figure 3. Spectrum of R, M1, M2 and M3 at a given height of the channels

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 R, M1, M2, M3核心通道的温度沿通道的变化

Figure 4. Variations of the temperatures along the core channel for R, M1, M2 and M3

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 R, M1, M2, M3核心电流通道的电子密度随通道的变化

Figure 5. Variations of the electron densities along the core channel for R, M1, M2 and M3

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 R, M1, M2, M3电晕层通道的温度随通道高度的变化

Figure 6. Variations of the temperatures along the outer corona channel for R, M1, M2 and M3

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 R, M1, M2, M3电晕层通道的电子密度随通道高度的变化

Figure 7. Variations of the electron densities along the outer corona channel for R, M1, M2 and M3

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Malan D J, Collens H 1937 J. Proc. R. Soc. Lond, A, Math. Phys. Sci. 162 175 Google Scholar
[2]	Fisher R J, Schnetzer G H 1993 J. Geophys. Res. 98 22887 Google Scholar
[3]	Thottappillil R, Goldberg J D, Rakov V A, Uman M A, Fisher R J, George H S 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 25711 Google Scholar
[4]	Jordan D M, Idone V P, Orville R E, Rakov V A, Uman M A 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 25695 Google Scholar
[5]	Rakov V A, Crawford D E, Rambo K J, Schnetzer G H, Uman M A 2001 J. Geophys. Res. 106 22817 Google Scholar
[6]	Qie X, Jiang R, Wang C, Yang J, Wang J, Liu D 2011 J. Geophys. Res. 116 D10102 Google Scholar
[7]	肖桐, 张阳, 吕伟涛, 郑栋, 张义军 2013 应用气象学报 24 446 Google Scholar Xiao T, Zhang Y, Lu W T, Zheng D, Zhang Y J 2013 J. Appl. Meteorolog. Sci. 24 446 Google Scholar
[8]	吕伟涛, 张义军, 周秀骥, 孟青, 郑栋, 马明, 王飞, 陈邵东, 郄秀书 2007 应用气象学报 65 983 Google Scholar Lu W T, Zhang Y J, Zhou X J, Meng Q, Zheng D, Ma M, Wang F, Chen S D, Qie X S 2007 J. Appl. Meteorolog. Sci. 65 983 Google Scholar
[9]	孔祥贞, 郄秀书, 王才伟, 张义军, 王怀斌, 张翠华 2003 高原气象 22 259 Google Scholar Kong X Z, Qie X S, Wang C W, Zhang Y J, Wang H B, Zhang C H 2003 Plateau Meteorol. 22 259 Google Scholar
[10]	蒋如斌, 郄秀书, 王彩霞, 杨静, 张其林, 刘明元, 王俊芳, 刘冬霞, 潘伦湘 2011 物理学报 60 079201 Google Scholar Jang R B, Qie X S, Wang C X, Yang J, Zhang Q L, Liu M Y, Wang J F, Liu D X, Pan L X 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 079201 Google Scholar
[11]	王雪娟, 袁萍, 岑建勇, 张廷龙, 薛思敏, 赵金翠, 许鹤 2013 物理学报 62 109201 Google Scholar Wang X J, Yuan P, Cen J Y, Zhang T L, Xue S M, Zhao J C, Xu H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 109201 Google Scholar
[12]	Uman M A, Orville R E 1965 J. Geophys. Res. 70 5491 Google Scholar
[13]	Uman M A 1969 J. Geophys. Res. 74 949 Google Scholar
[14]	穆亚利, 袁萍, 王雪娟, 董彩霞 2016 光学学报 36 0630001 Google Scholar Mu Y L, Yuan P, Wang X J, Dong C X 2016 Acta Optica Sinica 36 0630001 Google Scholar
[15]	Xue S, Yuan P, Cen J, Li Y, Wang X 2015 Wang J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120 1972 Google Scholar
[16]	Wang X, Yuan P, Cen J, Xue S 2016 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121 8615 Google Scholar
[17]	郄秀书, 张其林, 袁铁, 张廷龙 2013 雷电物理 (北京: 科学出版社) Qie X H, Zhang Q L, Yuan T, Zhang T L 2013 Thunder Physics (Beijing: Science Press) (in Chinese)
[18]	Maslowski G, Rakov V A 2013 Atmos. Res. 129 117 Google Scholar
[19]	Maslowski G, Rakov V A 2006 J. Geophys. Res. 111 D14110 Google Scholar
[20]	Cvetic J, Heidler F, Markovic S, Radosavljevic R, Osmokrovic P 2012 Atmos. Res. 117 122 Google Scholar
[21]	Orville R E 1968 J. Geophys. Res. 73 6999 Google Scholar
[22]	Thottappillil R, Rakov V A, Uman M A 1997 J. Geophys. Res. 102 6987 Google Scholar
[23]	Wang X, Yuan P, Cen J, Liu G 2017 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122 4993 Google Scholar
[24]	Liu G, Yuan P, An T, Cen J, Wang X 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 115 064103 Google Scholar
[25]	Liu G, Yuan P, An T, Sun D, Cen J, Wang X 2019 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 124 4689 Google Scholar
[26]	Zhao J, Yuan P, Cen J, Liu J, Wang J, Zhang G 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 163303 Google Scholar
[27]	袁萍, 欧阳玉花, 吕世华, 郄秀书, 贾向东, 张华明 2006 高原气象 25 503 Google Scholar Yuan P, Ouyang Y H, Lu S H, Qie X S, Jia X D, Zhang H M 2006 Plateau Meteorol. 25 503 Google Scholar
[28]	张华明, 袁萍, 吕世华, 欧阳玉花 2007 高原气象 26 264 Google Scholar Zhang H M, Yuan P, Lu S H, Ouyang Y H 2007 Plateau Meteorol. 26 264 Google Scholar
[29]	Orville R E, Henderson R 1984 J. Atmos. Sci. 41 3180 Google Scholar
[30]	Weidman C, Boye A, Crowell L 1989 J. Geophys. Res. 94 13249 Google Scholar
[31]	Hegazy H 2010 J. Appl. Phys. B 98 601 Google Scholar

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