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All-inorganic perovskite cesium lead iodine (CsPbI3) without any volatile organic components has attracted much attention due to its superior stability, high absorption efficiency and suitable band gap. However, the power-conversion efficiencies of CsPbI3 based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are substantially low compared with those of the organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide PSCs. The surface passivation of the CsPbI3 film by long-chain halide salts has been found to be an effective method of improving the performance. In this paper, we report the concentration effect of an inexpensive 2-bromoterephthalic acid (BBr) as passivation material on the performance of CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells. The experimental results show that the conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells first increases and then decreases as the concentration of BBr increases from 0 to 2 mg/mL. The best conversion efficiency of CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells reaches 13.5% at 0.2 mg/mL BBr. The results from X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy suggest that there is no change in the phase or microstructure of the CsPbI3 perovskite film after surface passivation by BBr. By further analyzing the photoluminescence data of the CsPbI3 film with and without capping hole transport layer, it can be found that the passivation of BBr with the concentration of 0.2 mg/mL can enhance the fluorescence excitation intensity of the CsPbI3 film and accelerate the exciton separation at the interface between CsPbI3 film and hole transport layer. Based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data, we find that the electron transport ability at the interface between TiO2 and CsPbI3 can be significantly improved after surface passivation, which is induced by the acceleration of the exciton separation at the interface between CsPbI3 film and hole transport layer. The decrease of the PSCs performance when the concentration of the BBr precursor increases from 0.5 mg/mL to 2 mg/mL can be attributed to the local agglomeration of the BBr material, resulting in the block of charge transportation. This research is expected to provide basic support for the low-cost development of the passivation materials for perovskite solar cells.
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Keywords:
- inorganic perovskite solar cells /
- passivation /
- high efficiency /
- 2-bromoterephthalic acid
[1] Kim H S, Lee C R, Im J H, Lee K B, Moehl T, Marchioro A, Moon S J, Humphry B R, Yum J H, Moser J E, Grätzel M, Park N G 2012 Sci. Rep. 2 591
Google Scholar
[2] Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6050
Google Scholar
[3] Liu M Z, Johnston M B, Snaith H J 2013 Nature 501 395
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[4] Yang W S, Park B W, Jung E H, Jeon N J, Kim Y C, Lee D U, Shin S S, Seo J W, Kim E K, Noh J H, Seok S I 2017 Science 356 1376
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图 1 (a) CsPbI3薄膜的制备过程示意图; (b) BBr的分子结构式; (c)本研究所制备的面结PSC的结构示意图
Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the fabrication of CsPbI3 film; (b) chemical structure of BBr; (c) configuration of the PSC.
图 2 前驱体浓度不同时所制备的BBr钝化层的PSCs性能 (a) Voc; (b) Jsc; (c) FF; (d) PCE
Figure 2. Performance of the PSCs based on the BBr passivation layer with different precursor concentrations: (a) Voc; (b) Jsc; (c) FF; (d) PCE.
图 3 前驱体浓度不同时所制备的BBr钝化层的PSCs的代表性光电特性曲线
Figure 3. Representative photoelectric characteristic curves of PSCs based on the BBr passivation layer with different precursor concentrations.
图 4 BBr钝化后CsPbI3薄膜的XRD图
Figure 4. XRD patterns of CsPbI3 film after BBr passivation.
图 5 BBr钝化后CsPbI3薄膜的表面形貌表征结果和晶粒尺寸统计结果, 其中前驱体浓度分别为 (a)−(c) 0 mg/mL, (d)−(f) 0.2 mg/mL, (g)−(i) 0.5 mg/mL, (j)−(l) 1.0 mg/mL, (m)−(o) 2.0 mg/mL
Figure 5. SEM images and grain size of CsPbI3 films after BBr passivation with different precursor concentrations: (a)−(c) 0 mg/mL; (d)−(f) 0.2 mg/mL; (g)−(i) 0.5 mg/mL; (j)−(l) 1.0 mg/mL; (m)−(o) 2.0 mg/mL
图 6 BBr钝化后CsPbI3薄膜的 (a) UV-vis和(b) PL的测试结果; (c)沉积上空穴传输层后CsPbI3薄膜的PL的测试结果
Figure 6. (a) UV-vis spectra and (b) PL of the CsPbI3 film after BBr passivation, and (c) the PL quenching of the CsPbI3 film after spin-coated by hole transport material.
图 7 BBr钝化后PSCs的EIS测试结果
Figure 7. EIS curves of PSCs after BBr passivation.
表 1 代表性光电特性曲线的具体光伏参数
Table 1. Photovoltaic parameters of representative characteristic curves.
电池类型/
(mg·mL–1)Voc/V Jsc/(mA·cm–2) FF/% PCE/% 0 0.999 16.85 76.69 12.91 0.2 1.015 17.02 78.14 13.50 0.5 0.924 16.90 75.32 11.77 1.0 0.910 16.78 73.01 11.15 2.0 0.918 16.69 68.89 10.55 
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[1] Kim H S, Lee C R, Im J H, Lee K B, Moehl T, Marchioro A, Moon S J, Humphry B R, Yum J H, Moser J E, Grätzel M, Park N G 2012 Sci. Rep. 2 591
Google Scholar
[2] Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6050
Google Scholar
[3] Liu M Z, Johnston M B, Snaith H J 2013 Nature 501 395
Google Scholar
[4] Yang W S, Park B W, Jung E H, Jeon N J, Kim Y C, Lee D U, Shin S S, Seo J W, Kim E K, Noh J H, Seok S I 2017 Science 356 1376
Google Scholar
[5] Leijtens T, Eperon G E, Noel N K, Habisreutinger S N, Petrozza A, Snaith H J 2015 Adv. Energy Mater. 5 1500963
Google Scholar
[6] Li X M, Cao F, Yu D, Chen J, Sun Z, Shen Y L, Zhu Y, Wang L, Wei Y, Wu Y, Zeng H B 2017 Small 13 1603996
Google Scholar
[7] Liang J, Wang C X, Wang Y R, Xu Z R, Lu Z P, M Y, Zhu H F, Hu Y, Xiao C C, Yi X, Zhu G Y, Lv H L, Ma L B, Chen T, Tie Z X, Jin Z, Liu J 2016 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 15829
Google Scholar
[8] Pan W C, Wu H D, Luo J J, Deng Z Z, Ge C, Chen C, Jiang X W, Yin W J, Niu G D, Zhu L J, Yin L X, Zhou Y, Xie Q G, Ke X X, Sui M L, Tang J 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 726
Google Scholar
[9] Zhao X G, Yang D W, Sun Y H, Li T S, Zhang L J, Yu L P, Zunger A 2017 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 6718
Google Scholar
[10] Choi H S, Jeong J K, Kim H B, Kim S B, Walker B, Kim G H, Kim J Y 2014 Nano Energy 7 80
Google Scholar
[11] Eperon G E, Paternò G M, Sutton R J, Zampetti A, Haghighirad A A, Cacialli F, Snaith H J 2015 J. Mater. Chem. A 3 19688
Google Scholar
[12] Swarnkar A, Marshall A R, Sanehira E M, Chernomordik B D, Moore D T, Christians J A, Chakrabarti T, Luther J M 2016 Science 354 92
Google Scholar
[13] Li Y F, Zhang C H, Zhang, X X, Huang D, Shen Q, Cheng Y C, Huang W 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 162106
Google Scholar
[14] Long L X, Cao D, Fei J P, Wang J F, Zhou Y, Jiang Z T, Jiao Z W, Shu H B 2019 Chem. Phys. Lett. 734 136719
Google Scholar
[15] Zeng Q S, Zhang X Y, Feng X L, Lu S Y, Chen Z, Yong X, Redfern S A T, Wei H T, Wang H Z, Shen H Z, Zhang W, Zheng W T, Zhang H, Tse J S, Yang B 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1705393
Google Scholar
[16] Yang Y Q, Wu J H, Wang X B, Guo Q Y, Liu X P, Sun W H, Wei Y L, Huang Y F, Lan Z, Huang M L, L in, J M, Chen H W, Wei Z H 2020 Adv. Mater. 32 1904347
Google Scholar
[17] Wu M, Yan K Y, Wang Y, Kang X W 2020 J. Energy Chem. 48 181
Google Scholar
[18] Wang Y, Liu X M, Zhang T Y, Wang X T, Kan M, Shi J L, Zhao Y X 2019 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58 16691
Google Scholar
[19] Sim K M, Abhishek S, Angshuman N, Chung D S 2018 Laser Photonics Rev. 12 1700209
Google Scholar
[20] Wang Y, Zhang T Y, Kan M, Li Y H, Wang T, Zhao Y X 2018 Joule 2 2065
Google Scholar
[21] Ding X, Cai M, Liu X, Ding Y, Liu X, Wu Y, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Dai S 2019 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 37720
Google Scholar
[22] Ye Q F, Zhao Y, Mu S Q, Ma F, You J B 2019 Adv. Mater. 31 1905143
Google Scholar
[23] Wang Y, Zhang T, Kan M, Zhao Y 2018 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140 12345
Google Scholar
[24] Li Y, Ding B, Chu Q Q, Yang G J, Wang M, Li C X, Li C J 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 46141
Google Scholar
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