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Recently, impressive progress has been made in the study of non-Hermitian systems with parity-time symmetry, such as observations of topological properties of physical systems and criticality at exceptional points. A crucial aspect of parity-time symmetric nonunitary dynamics is the information flow between the system and the environment. In this paper, we use the physical quantity, distinguishability between quantum states, to uniformly quantify the information flow between low-dimensional and high-dimensional parity-time symmetric non-Hermitian systems and environments. The numerical results show that the oscillation of quantum state distinguishability and complete information retrieval and can be obtained in the parity-time-unbroken phase. However, the information decays exponentially in the parity-time-broken phase. The exceptional point marks the criticality between reversibility and irreversibility of information flow, and the distinguishability between quantum states exhibits the behavior of power-law decay. Understanding these unique phenomena in nonunitary quantum dynamics provides an important perspective for the study of open quantum systems and contributes to their application in quantum information.
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Keywords:
- non-Hermitian /
- parity-time symmetry /
- information retrieval /
- distinguishability
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[4] Yang Z, Zhang K, Fang C, Hu J 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 226402Google Scholar
[5] Zhang K, Yang Z, Fang C 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 126402Google Scholar
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[14] Guo C X, Liu C H, Zhao X M, Liu Y, Chen S 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 116801Google Scholar
[15] Liu Y, Zhou Q, Chen S 2021 Phys. Rev. B 104 024201
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[17] Lin G, Zhang S, Hu Y, Niu Y, Gong J, Gong S 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 033902Google Scholar
[18] Yang X, Cao Y, Zhai Y 2022 Chin. Phys. B 31 010308Google Scholar
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[20] Zhao X M, Guo C X, Kou S P, Zhuang L, Liu W M 2021 Phys. Rev. B 104 205131Google Scholar
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[22] Bender C M, Brody D C, Jones H F 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 270401Google Scholar
[23] Bender C M 2007 Rep. Prog. Phys. 70 947
[24] Heiss W D 2012 J. Phys. A 45 444016Google Scholar
[25] Makris K G, El-Ganainy R, Christodoulides D N, Musslimani Z H 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 103904Google Scholar
[26] Rüter C E, Makris K G, El-Ganainy R, Christodoulides D N, Segev M, Kip D 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 192Google Scholar
[27] Regensburger A, Bersch C, Miri M A, Onishchukov G, Christodoulides D N, Peschel U 2012 Nature 488 167Google Scholar
[28] Schindler J, Li A, Zheng M C, Ellis F M, Kottos T 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 040101(RGoogle Scholar
[29] Bender C M, Berntson B K, Parker D, Samuel E 2013 Am. J. Phys. 81 173Google Scholar
[30] Lin Z, Ramezani H, Eichelkraut T, Kottos T, Cao H, Christodoulides D N 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 213901Google Scholar
[31] Liu Z P, Zhang J, Özdemir S K, et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 110802Google Scholar
[32] Gao T, Estrecho E, Bliokh K Y, et al. 2015 Nature 526 554Google Scholar
[33] Graefe E M, Korsch H J, Niederle A E 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 150408Google Scholar
[34] Chen S L, Chen G Y, Chen Y N 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 054301Google Scholar
[35] Yin S, Huang G Y, Lo C Y, Chen P 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 065701Google Scholar
[36] Li J, Harter A K, Liu J, de Melo L, Joglekar Y N, Luo L 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 855Google Scholar
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[41] Bian Z, Xiao L, Wang K, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. A 102 030201(RGoogle Scholar
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[43] Xiao L, Deng T, Wang K, Wang Z, Yi W, Xue P 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 230402Google Scholar
[44] Zurek W H 2003 Rev. Mod. Phys 75 715Google Scholar
[45] de Vega I, Alonso D 2017 Rev. Mod. Phys 89 015001Google Scholar
[46] Kawabata K, Ashida Y, Ueda M 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 190401Google Scholar
[47] Misra B, Sudarshan E C G 1977 J. Math. Phys. 18 756Google Scholar
[48] Itano W M, Heinzen D J, Bollinger J J, Wineland D J 1990 Phys. Rev. A 41 2295Google Scholar
[49] Facchi P, Pascazio S 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 080401Google Scholar
[50] Viola L, Lloyd S 1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 2733Google Scholar
[51] Viola L, Knill E, Lloyd S 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2417Google Scholar
[52] Viola L, Lloyd S, Knill E 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 4888Google Scholar
[53] Palma G M, Suominen K A, Ekert A K 1996 Proc. R. Soc. A 452 567Google Scholar
[54] Zanardi P, Rasetti M 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 3306Google Scholar
[55] Duan L M, Guo G C 1998 Phys. Rev. A 57 737Google Scholar
[56] Lidar D A, Chuang I L, Whaley K B 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 2594Google Scholar
[57] Lidar D A, Bacon D, Whaley K B 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4556Google Scholar
[58] Knill E, Laflamme R, Viola L 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 2525Google Scholar
[59] Beige A, Braun D, Tregenna B, Knight P L 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1762Google Scholar
[60] Brody D C, Graefe E M 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 230405Google Scholar
[61] Nielsen M A, Chuang I L 2010 Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (New York: Cambridge University Press) pp403–409
[62] Fuchs C A, van de Graaf J 1999 IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 45 1216Google Scholar
[63] Gilchrist A, Langford N K, Nielsen M A 2005 Phys. Rev. A 71 062310Google Scholar
[64] Ruskai M B 1994 Rev. Math. Phys. 06 1147Google Scholar
[65] Erez N, Gordon G, Nest M, Kurizki G 2008 Nature 452 724Google Scholar
[66] Wolf M M, Eisert J, Cubitt T S, Cirac J I 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 150402Google Scholar
[67] Breuer H P, Laine E M, Piilo J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 210401Google Scholar
[68] Laine E M, Piilo J, Breuer H P 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 062115Google Scholar
[69] Rivas A, Huelga S F, Plenio M B 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 050403Google Scholar
[70] Luo A, Fu S, Song H 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 044101Google Scholar
[71] Chruściński D, Maniscalco S 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 120404Google Scholar
[72] Chruściński D, Macchiavello C, Maniscalco S 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 080404Google Scholar
[73] Breuer H P, Laine E M, Piilo J, Vacchini B 2016 Rev. Mod. Phys. 88 021002Google Scholar
[74] Wolf M M, Cirac J I 2008 Commun. Math. Phys. 279 147Google Scholar
[75] Hou S C, Yi X X, Yu S X, Oh C H 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 062115Google Scholar
[76] Lu X M, Wang X, Sun C P 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 042103Google Scholar
[77] Jiang M, Luo S 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 034101Google Scholar
[78] Lorenzo S, Plastina F, Paternostro M 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 020102Google Scholar
[79] Tang J S, Wang Y T, Yu S, et al. 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 642Google Scholar
[80] Hodaei H, Hassan A U, Wittek S, et al. 2017 Nature 548 187Google Scholar
[81] Graefe E M, Günther U, Korsch H J, Niederle A E 2008 J. Phys. A 41 255206Google Scholar
[82] Quiroz-Juárez M A, Perez-Leija A, Tschernig K, et al. 2019 Photonics Res. 7 862Google Scholar
[83] Caves C M 1982 Phys. Rev. D 26 1817Google Scholar
[84] Scheel S, Szameit A 2018 Europhys. Lett. 122 34001Google Scholar
[85] Wang K, Qiu X, Xiao L, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 020501Google Scholar
[86] Zhan X, Xiao L, Bian Z, et al. 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 130501Google Scholar
[87] Xiao L, Deng T S, Wang K, et al. 2020 Nat. Phys. 16 761Google Scholar
[88] Klauck F, Teuber L, Ornigotti M, Heinrich M, Scheel S, Szameit A 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 883Google Scholar
[89] Naghiloo M, Abbasi M, Joglekar Y N, Murch K W 2019 Nat. Phys. 19 1232
[90] Zhan X, Wang K, Xiao L, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 010302(RGoogle Scholar
[91] Xue P 2022 Chin. Phys. B 31 010311Google Scholar
[92] Xue P, Sanders B C, Leibfried D 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 183602Google Scholar
[93] Wang K, Xiao L, Budich J C, Yi W, Xue P 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 026404Google Scholar
[94] Wang K, Li T, Xiao L, Han Y, Yi W, Xue P 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 270602Google Scholar
[95] Wang X, Xiao L, Qiu X, Wang K, Yi W, Xue P 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 013835Google Scholar
[96] Xiao L, Qiu X, Wang K, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 063847Google Scholar
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图 1 在宇称-时间对称的两能级系统的信息流动 (a), (b) 在宇称-时间对称保持的区域(
$0<a<1$ ), 量子态的可区分性表现出周期性振荡, 当逐渐靠近奇异点($a=1$ )时, 信息恢复的周期会变长; (c) 在宇称-时间对称性被破坏的区域($a > $ $ 1$ ), 量子态的可区分性在一直在衰减Figure 1. Information flow in the parity-time-symmetric two-level system: (a), (b) The distinguishability oscillates with period in the parity-time-unbroken phase (
$0<a<1$ ). When approaching the exceptional point ($a=1$ ), the period of the information retrieval. (c) The distinguishability between quantum states is declining in the parity-time-symmetry-broken regime ($a>1$ )图 3 宇称-时间对称的四能级系统的信息流动 (a), (b) 在宇称-时间对称保持的区域(
$\gamma<J$ ), 量子态的可区分性表现出周期性振荡, 当逐渐靠近奇异点($\gamma=J$ )时, 信息恢复的周期会变长; (c) 在宇称-时间对称性被破坏的区域($\gamma> $ $ J$ ), 量子态的可区分性在一直在衰减Figure 3. Information flow in the parity-time-symmetric four-level system: (a), (b) The distinguishability oscillates with period in the parity-time-unbroken phase (
$\gamma<J$ ). When approaching the exceptional point ($\gamma=J$ ), the period of the information retrieval. (c) The distinguishability between quantum states is declining in the parity-time-symmetry-broken regime ($\gamma>J$ ) -
[1] Chen X Y, Zhang N N, He W T, et al. 2022 npj Quantum Inf. 8 22Google Scholar
[2] Zou D, Chen T, He W, et al. 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 7201Google Scholar
[3] Wu T, Zhang W, Zhang H, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 083901Google Scholar
[4] Yang Z, Zhang K, Fang C, Hu J 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 226402Google Scholar
[5] Zhang K, Yang Z, Fang C 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 126402Google Scholar
[6] Yang Z, Chiu C K, Fang C, Hu J 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 186402Google Scholar
[7] Yao S, Wang Z 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 086803Google Scholar
[8] Pan L, Chen X, Chen Y, Zhai H 2020 Nat. Phys. 16 767Google Scholar
[9] Zhou Z, Yu Z 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 043412Google Scholar
[10] Zeng Q B, Yang Y B, Xu Y 2020 Phys. Rev. B 101 020201(R
[11] Wang X R, Guo C X, Kou S P 2020 Phys. Rev. B 101 121116(RGoogle Scholar
[12] Guo C X, Wang X R, Kou S P 2020 Phys. Rev. B 101 144439Google Scholar
[13] Zhang S, Jin L, Song Z 2022 Chin. Phys. B 31 010312Google Scholar
[14] Guo C X, Liu C H, Zhao X M, Liu Y, Chen S 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 116801Google Scholar
[15] Liu Y, Zhou Q, Chen S 2021 Phys. Rev. B 104 024201
[16] Cui D, Li T, Li J, Yi X 2021 New J. Phys. 23 123037Google Scholar
[17] Lin G, Zhang S, Hu Y, Niu Y, Gong J, Gong S 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 033902Google Scholar
[18] Yang X, Cao Y, Zhai Y 2022 Chin. Phys. B 31 010308Google Scholar
[19] Ding P, Yi W 2022 Chin. Phys. B 31 010309Google Scholar
[20] Zhao X M, Guo C X, Kou S P, Zhuang L, Liu W M 2021 Phys. Rev. B 104 205131Google Scholar
[21] Bender C M, Boettcher S 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 5243
[22] Bender C M, Brody D C, Jones H F 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 270401Google Scholar
[23] Bender C M 2007 Rep. Prog. Phys. 70 947
[24] Heiss W D 2012 J. Phys. A 45 444016Google Scholar
[25] Makris K G, El-Ganainy R, Christodoulides D N, Musslimani Z H 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 103904Google Scholar
[26] Rüter C E, Makris K G, El-Ganainy R, Christodoulides D N, Segev M, Kip D 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 192Google Scholar
[27] Regensburger A, Bersch C, Miri M A, Onishchukov G, Christodoulides D N, Peschel U 2012 Nature 488 167Google Scholar
[28] Schindler J, Li A, Zheng M C, Ellis F M, Kottos T 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 040101(RGoogle Scholar
[29] Bender C M, Berntson B K, Parker D, Samuel E 2013 Am. J. Phys. 81 173Google Scholar
[30] Lin Z, Ramezani H, Eichelkraut T, Kottos T, Cao H, Christodoulides D N 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 213901Google Scholar
[31] Liu Z P, Zhang J, Özdemir S K, et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 110802Google Scholar
[32] Gao T, Estrecho E, Bliokh K Y, et al. 2015 Nature 526 554Google Scholar
[33] Graefe E M, Korsch H J, Niederle A E 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 150408Google Scholar
[34] Chen S L, Chen G Y, Chen Y N 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 054301Google Scholar
[35] Yin S, Huang G Y, Lo C Y, Chen P 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 065701Google Scholar
[36] Li J, Harter A K, Liu J, de Melo L, Joglekar Y N, Luo L 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 855Google Scholar
[37] Xiao L, Zhan X, Bian Z, et al. 2017 Nat. Phys. 13 1117Google Scholar
[38] Wang K, Qiu X, Xiao L, et al. 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 2293Google Scholar
[39] Xiao L, Qu D, Wang K, et al. 2021 PRX Quantum 2 020313Google Scholar
[40] Xiao L, Wang K, Zhan X, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 230401Google Scholar
[41] Bian Z, Xiao L, Wang K, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. A 102 030201(RGoogle Scholar
[42] Bian Z, Xiao L, Wang K, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. Res. 2 022039(RGoogle Scholar
[43] Xiao L, Deng T, Wang K, Wang Z, Yi W, Xue P 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 230402Google Scholar
[44] Zurek W H 2003 Rev. Mod. Phys 75 715Google Scholar
[45] de Vega I, Alonso D 2017 Rev. Mod. Phys 89 015001Google Scholar
[46] Kawabata K, Ashida Y, Ueda M 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 190401Google Scholar
[47] Misra B, Sudarshan E C G 1977 J. Math. Phys. 18 756Google Scholar
[48] Itano W M, Heinzen D J, Bollinger J J, Wineland D J 1990 Phys. Rev. A 41 2295Google Scholar
[49] Facchi P, Pascazio S 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 080401Google Scholar
[50] Viola L, Lloyd S 1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 2733Google Scholar
[51] Viola L, Knill E, Lloyd S 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2417Google Scholar
[52] Viola L, Lloyd S, Knill E 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 4888Google Scholar
[53] Palma G M, Suominen K A, Ekert A K 1996 Proc. R. Soc. A 452 567Google Scholar
[54] Zanardi P, Rasetti M 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 3306Google Scholar
[55] Duan L M, Guo G C 1998 Phys. Rev. A 57 737Google Scholar
[56] Lidar D A, Chuang I L, Whaley K B 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 2594Google Scholar
[57] Lidar D A, Bacon D, Whaley K B 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4556Google Scholar
[58] Knill E, Laflamme R, Viola L 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 2525Google Scholar
[59] Beige A, Braun D, Tregenna B, Knight P L 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1762Google Scholar
[60] Brody D C, Graefe E M 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 230405Google Scholar
[61] Nielsen M A, Chuang I L 2010 Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (New York: Cambridge University Press) pp403–409
[62] Fuchs C A, van de Graaf J 1999 IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 45 1216Google Scholar
[63] Gilchrist A, Langford N K, Nielsen M A 2005 Phys. Rev. A 71 062310Google Scholar
[64] Ruskai M B 1994 Rev. Math. Phys. 06 1147Google Scholar
[65] Erez N, Gordon G, Nest M, Kurizki G 2008 Nature 452 724Google Scholar
[66] Wolf M M, Eisert J, Cubitt T S, Cirac J I 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 150402Google Scholar
[67] Breuer H P, Laine E M, Piilo J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 210401Google Scholar
[68] Laine E M, Piilo J, Breuer H P 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 062115Google Scholar
[69] Rivas A, Huelga S F, Plenio M B 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 050403Google Scholar
[70] Luo A, Fu S, Song H 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 044101Google Scholar
[71] Chruściński D, Maniscalco S 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 120404Google Scholar
[72] Chruściński D, Macchiavello C, Maniscalco S 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 080404Google Scholar
[73] Breuer H P, Laine E M, Piilo J, Vacchini B 2016 Rev. Mod. Phys. 88 021002Google Scholar
[74] Wolf M M, Cirac J I 2008 Commun. Math. Phys. 279 147Google Scholar
[75] Hou S C, Yi X X, Yu S X, Oh C H 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 062115Google Scholar
[76] Lu X M, Wang X, Sun C P 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 042103Google Scholar
[77] Jiang M, Luo S 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 034101Google Scholar
[78] Lorenzo S, Plastina F, Paternostro M 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 020102Google Scholar
[79] Tang J S, Wang Y T, Yu S, et al. 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 642Google Scholar
[80] Hodaei H, Hassan A U, Wittek S, et al. 2017 Nature 548 187Google Scholar
[81] Graefe E M, Günther U, Korsch H J, Niederle A E 2008 J. Phys. A 41 255206Google Scholar
[82] Quiroz-Juárez M A, Perez-Leija A, Tschernig K, et al. 2019 Photonics Res. 7 862Google Scholar
[83] Caves C M 1982 Phys. Rev. D 26 1817Google Scholar
[84] Scheel S, Szameit A 2018 Europhys. Lett. 122 34001Google Scholar
[85] Wang K, Qiu X, Xiao L, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 020501Google Scholar
[86] Zhan X, Xiao L, Bian Z, et al. 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 130501Google Scholar
[87] Xiao L, Deng T S, Wang K, et al. 2020 Nat. Phys. 16 761Google Scholar
[88] Klauck F, Teuber L, Ornigotti M, Heinrich M, Scheel S, Szameit A 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 883Google Scholar
[89] Naghiloo M, Abbasi M, Joglekar Y N, Murch K W 2019 Nat. Phys. 19 1232
[90] Zhan X, Wang K, Xiao L, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 010302(RGoogle Scholar
[91] Xue P 2022 Chin. Phys. B 31 010311Google Scholar
[92] Xue P, Sanders B C, Leibfried D 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 183602Google Scholar
[93] Wang K, Xiao L, Budich J C, Yi W, Xue P 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 026404Google Scholar
[94] Wang K, Li T, Xiao L, Han Y, Yi W, Xue P 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 270602Google Scholar
[95] Wang X, Xiao L, Qiu X, Wang K, Yi W, Xue P 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 013835Google Scholar
[96] Xiao L, Qiu X, Wang K, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 063847Google Scholar
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