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Persistent phosphor as a kind of light-emitting material can store excitation energy in the so-called traps, and then persistently release the energy in the form of light emission after the end of excitation. This emission is called persistent luminescence. Much attention has been paid to optimizing the emission performance of persistent phosphors, including emission wavelength and persistent time. However, research on the excitation for charging persistent phosphors is relatively lacking. To acquire the persistent luminescence effectively, the traps need to be filled typically by ionizing irradiation. That is, high-energy light (such as ultraviolet light) is a general requirement for charging the persistent phosphors. Taking into account the fact that low-energy illumination (e.g. visible or infrared light) is much more suitable and less harmful than ultraviolet light for some practical applications, taking advantage of the low-energy light excitation is therefore an urgent issue to be solved in the persistent luminescence area. Several low-energy excitation approaches have been reported, in which up-conversion charging (UCC) is a promising candidate for charging phosphors using low-energy excitation light sources. The definition of UCC is as follows: UCC is a non-linear excitation for storage phosphors, in which the traps are typically filled via a two-step ionization mechanism. Prior research on the UCC has focused primarily on the demonstration of two-step ionization and the associated trapping properties. Recently, researchers have realized that the excitation light may release some trapped electrons while filling the traps (i.e. excitation-light stimulated detrapping). Competition between the trapping and detrapping during the UCC has been roughly described on the assumption that the illumination dose is in a certain range and the effect of ambient-temperature stimulated detrapping is negligible. Despite the initial progress, the exact effect of detrapping on the UCC process needs to be further explored. Here we demonstrate the effect of detrapping on UCC dynamics by a rate equation approach. Accordingly, taking LaMgGa11O19:Mn2+ phosphor illuminated by a 450 nm laser for example, we measure its thermoluminescence. Our measurements reveal that the competition between the trapping and detrapping depends both on illumination power and on illumination duration. The experimental results are consistent well with the theoretical predictions, thereby offering a new insight into the understanding of UCC. In addition, the experimental demonstration on the LaMgGa11O19:Mn2+ phosphor allows us to explore the generality of the present UCC model. Accordingly, we expect some existing phosphors can now be revisited.
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Keywords:
- persistent phosphor /
- up-conversion charging (UCC) /
- trap filling dynamics /
- LaMgGa11O19:Mn2+
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图 1 考虑了光激励排空影响的上转换充能动力学示意图
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of up-conversion charging dynamics. The population in traps depends on the competition between the trapping and excitation-light detrapping.
图 2 LaMgGa11O19:Mn2+ 材料的上转换充能余辉发射谱; (b) 上转换充能及伴随的余辉发射路径示意图
Figure 2. (a) Up-conversion charging induced persistent luminescence (UCC-PersL) emission spectra of LaMgGa11O19:Mn2+; (b) schematic representation of the UCC-PersL process.
图 3 (a) 通过固定辐照时长 (10 s) 的上转换充能后, LaMgGa11O19:Mn2+ 材料的热释光谱 (450 nm激光的辐照功率密度分别为0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6 W·cm–2); (b) 热释光积分强度 I 随辐照功率密度 P 的变化及 I-P 函数拟合
Figure 3. (a) Thermoluminescence curves of LaMgGa11O19:Mn2+ recorded after 450 nm laser illumination with different power densities but a fixed exposure duration (10 s); (b) thermoluminescence intensity (I) is plotted against the excitation power density (P). The straight line is a quadratic fit of the data.
图 4 (a) 通过固定辐照剂量 (3 W s cm–2) 的上转换充能后, LaMgGa11O19:Mn2+ 材料的热释光谱 (450 nm激光的辐照功率密度分别为: 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6 W cm–2); (b) 热释光积分强度 I 随辐照功率密度 P 的变化及 I–P 函数拟合
Figure 4. (a) Thermoluminescence curves of LaMgGa11O19:Mn2+ recorded after 450 nm laser illumination with different power densities but a fixed illumination dose (3 W s cm–2). (b) The thermoluminescence intensity (I) is plotted versus the excitation power density (P). The straight line is a fit of the data.
图 5 考虑了光激励排空和其他激励排空影响的上转换充能动力学示意图
Figure 5. Schematic illustration of up-conversion charging dynamics. Besides the excitation light, the trapped electrons may be liberated by other stimulus during the up-conversion charging.
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[1] Bunzli J C, Pecharsky V K 2015 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths (Vol. 48) (Amsterdam: North-Holland)
[2] Li Y, Gecevicius M, Qiu J R 2016 Chem. Soc. Rev. 45 2090
Google Scholar
[3] Xu J, Tanabe S 2019 J. Lumin. 205 581
Google Scholar
[4] Yu N Y, Liu F, Li X F, Pan Z W 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 231110
Google Scholar
[5] Kamimura S, Xu C N, Yamada H, Terasaki N, Masayoshi F 2014 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53 092403
Google Scholar
[6] Liu F, Liang Y J, Chen Y F, Pan Z W 2016 Adv. Opt. Mater. 4 562
Google Scholar
[7] 王鹏久, 徐旭辉, 邱建备, 周大成, 刘雪娥, 程帅 2014 物理学报 63 077804
Google Scholar
Wang P J, Xu X H, Qiu J B, Zhou D C, Liu X E, Cheng S 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 077804
Google Scholar
[8] 刘盛意, 张金苏, 孙佳石, 陈宝玖, 李香萍, 徐赛, 程丽红 2019 物理学报 68 053301
Google Scholar
Liu S Y, Zhang J S, Sun J S, Chen B J, Li X P, Xu S, Cheng L H 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 053301
Google Scholar
[9] Sun H X, Gao Q Q, Wang A Y, Liu Y C, Wang X J, Liu F 2020 Opt. Mater. Express 10 1296
Google Scholar
[10] Rodrigues L C V, Holsa J, Lastusaari M, Felinto M C F C, Brito H F 2014 J. Mater. Chem. C 2 1612
Google Scholar
[11] Bos A J J, Van Duijvenvoorde RM, Van der Kolk E, Drozdowski W, Dorenbos P 2011 J. Lumin. 131 1465
Google Scholar
[12] Pan Z W, Lu Y Y, Liu F 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 58
Google Scholar
[13] Malkamaki M, Bos A J J, Dorenbos P, Lastusaari M, Rodrigues L C V, Swart H C, Holsa J 2020 Physica B 593 411947
Google Scholar
[14] De Chermont Q L M, Chaneac C, Seguin J, Pelle F, Maitrejean S, Jolivet J P, Gourier D, Bessodes M, Scherman D 2007 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 9266
Google Scholar
[15] Liu F, Yan W Z, Chuang Y J, Zhen Z P, Xie J, Pan Z W 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 1554
Google Scholar
[16] Liu F, Chen Y F, Liang Y J, Pan Z W 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 954
Google Scholar
[17] Liu F, Liang Y J, Pan Z W 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 177401
Google Scholar
[18] Chen Y F, Liu F, Liang Y J, Wang X L, Wang X J, Pan Z W 2018 J. Mater. Chem. C 6 8003
Google Scholar
[19] Gao Q Q, Li C L, Liu Y C, Zhang J H, Wang X J, Liu F 2020 J. Mater. Chem. C 8 6988
Google Scholar
[20] Yan S Y, Gao Q Q, Zhao X Y, Wang A Y, Liu Y C, Zhang J H, Wang X J, Liu F 2020 J. Lumin. 226 117427
Google Scholar
[21] Yan S Y, Liu F, Zhang J H, Wang X J, Liu Y C 2020 Phys. Rev. Appl. 13 044051
Google Scholar
[22] Pollnau M, Gamelin D R, Lüthi S R, Güdel H U 2000 Phys. Rev. B 61 3337
Google Scholar
[23] Verstegen J M P J 1973 J. Solid State. Chem. 7 468
Google Scholar
[24] Wang X J, Jia D, Yen W M 2003 J. Lumin. 102−103 34
[25] Liu F, Meltzer R S, Li X, Budai J D, Chen Y S, Pan Z W 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 7101
[26] Yang X B, Xu J, Li H J, Bi Q Y, Cheng Y, Su L B, Tang Q 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 047803
Google Scholar
[27] Bos A J J 2017 Materials 10 1357
Google Scholar
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