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The surface of metal system exposed to ionizing radiation (X-ray and γ-ray) will emit high-energy electrons through the photoelectric effect and other processes. The transient electromagnetic field generated by the high-speed electron flow is called system generated electromagnetic pulse (SGEMP), which is difficult to shield effectively. An ongoing effort has been made to investigate the SGEMP response in vacuum by numerical simulation. However, the systems are usually operated in a gaseous environment. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of low-pressure air on the SGEMP. A three-dimensional hybrid simulation model is developed to calculate the characteristics of the electron beam induced air plasma and its interaction with the electromagnetic field. In the hybrid model, the high-energy photoelectrons are modelled as macroparticles, and secondary electrons are treaed as fluid for a balance between efficiency and accuracy. A cylindrical cavity with an inner diameter of 100 mm and a length of 50 mm is used. The photoelectrons are emitted from one end of the cavity and are assumed to be monoenergetic (20 keV). The photoelectron pulse follows a sine-squared distribution with a peak current density of 10 A/cm2, and its full width at half maximum is 2 ns. The results show that the number density of the secondary electrons near the photoelectron emission surface and its axial gradient increase as air pressure increases. The electron number density in the middle of the cavity shows a peak value at 20 Torr (1 Torr = 133 Pa). The electron temperature decreases monotonically with the increase in pressure. The low-pressure air plasma in the cavity prevents the space charge layer from being generated. The peak value of the electric field is an order of magnitude lower than that in vacuum, and the pulse width is also significantly reduced. The emission characteristic of the photoelectrons determines the peak value of the current response. The current reaching the end of the cavity surface first increases and then decreases with pressure increasing. The plasma return current can suppress the rising rate of the total current and extend the duration of current responses. Finally, to validate the established hybrid simulation model, the calculated magnetic field is compared with that from the benchmark experiments. This paper helps to achieve a better prediction of the SGEMP response in a gaseous environment. Compared with the particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision method, the hybrid model adopted can greatly reduce the computational cost.
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Keywords:
- system generated electromagnetic pulse (SGEMP) /
- photoelectrons /
- particle-in-cell simulation /
- hybrid modelling
[1] 王泰春, 贺云汉, 王玉芝 2011 电磁脉冲导论 (北京: 国防工业出版社) 第130页
Wang T C, He Y H, Wang Y Z 2011 Introduction to Electromagnetic Pulse (Beijing: National Defense Industry Press) p130 (in Chinese)
[2] 美国电磁脉冲袭击对美威胁评估委员会编 (郑毅, 梁睿, 曹保锋译 2019 电磁脉冲袭击对国家重要基础设施的影响 (北京: 科学出版社)第9页
Commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack (translated by Zheng Y, Liang R, Cao B F) 2019 Report of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) attack: Critical National Infrastructures (Beijing: Science Press) p9
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Google Scholar
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[16] 孙会芳, 张玲玉, 董志伟, 周海京 2019 强激光与粒子束 31 103221
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Sun H F, Zhang L Y, Dong Z W, Zhou H J 2019 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 31 103221
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Google Scholar
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Yan Q 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Harbin: Harbin Engineering University) p55 (in Chinese)
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[53] Forster R A, Cox L J, Barrett R F, Booth T E, Briesmeister J F, Brown F B, Bull J S, Geisler G C, Goorley J T, Mosteller R D, Post S E, Prael R E, Selcow E C, Sood A 2004 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 213 82
Google Scholar
[54] 陈剑楠, 陶应龙, 牛胜利 2020 现代应用物理 11 010501
Chen J N, Tao Y L, Niu S L 2020 Mod. Appl. Phys. 11 010501
[55] Pointon T D, Cartwright K L 2014 Proceedings of the 67th APS Gaseous Electronics Conference Raleigh NC, USA, November 2–7, 2014 p00051
[56] Maulois M, Ribière M, Eichwald O, Yousfi M, Pouzalgues R, Garrigues A, Delbos C, Azaïs B 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 120 123302
Google Scholar
[57] 宋法伦, 张永辉, 向飞, 常安碧 2008 物理学报 57 1807
Google Scholar
Song F L, Zhang Y H, Xiang F, Chang A B 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1807
Google Scholar
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[1] 王泰春, 贺云汉, 王玉芝 2011 电磁脉冲导论 (北京: 国防工业出版社) 第130页
Wang T C, He Y H, Wang Y Z 2011 Introduction to Electromagnetic Pulse (Beijing: National Defense Industry Press) p130 (in Chinese)
[2] 美国电磁脉冲袭击对美威胁评估委员会编 (郑毅, 梁睿, 曹保锋译 2019 电磁脉冲袭击对国家重要基础设施的影响 (北京: 科学出版社)第9页
Commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack (translated by Zheng Y, Liang R, Cao B F) 2019 Report of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) attack: Critical National Infrastructures (Beijing: Science Press) p9
[3] Meng C, Xu Z Q, Jiang Y S, Zheng W G, Dang Z 2017 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 64 2618
Google Scholar
[4] Genuario R D 1975 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 22 2098
Google Scholar
[5] Swanekamp S B, Hinshelwood D, Angus J R, Richardson A S, Mosher D 2016 Direct Electron-Beam Injection Experiments for Validation of Air-Chemistry Models (Report)
[6] Ribière M, D’Almeida T, Cessenat O, Maulois M, Pouzalgues R, Crabos B, Delbos C, Garrigues A, Azaïs B 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 122106
Google Scholar
[7] Woods A J, Delmer T N 1976 The arbitrary body of revolution code (ABORC) for SGEMP/IEMP (report)
[8] Xu Z Q, Meng C, Jiang Y S, Wu P 2020 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 67 425
Google Scholar
[9] Wang J G, Zhang D H, Liu C L, Li Y D, Wang Y, Wang H G, Qiao H L, Li X Z 2009 Phys. Plasmas 16 033108
Google Scholar
[10] Wang J G, Chen Z G, Wang Y, Zhang D H, Liu C L, Li Y D, Wang H G, Qiao H L, Fu M Y, Yuan Y 2010 Phys. Plasmas 17 073107
Google Scholar
[11] Wang Y, Wang J G, Chen Z G, Cheng G X, Wang P 2016 Comput. Phys. Commun. 205 1
Google Scholar
[12] Chen J N, Wang J G, Tao Y L, Chen Z G, Wang Y, Niu S L 2019 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 66 820
Google Scholar
[13] Chen J N, Wang J G, Chen Z G, Ren Z P 2020 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 67 818
Google Scholar
[14] Chen J H, Chao Z, Deng J H, Li Z D 2020 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 67 2353
Google Scholar
[15] 张含天, 周前红, 周海京, 孙强, 宋萌萌, 董烨, 杨薇, 姚建生 2021 物理学报 70 165201
Google Scholar
Zhang H T, Zhou Q H, Zhou H J, Sun Q, Song M M, Dong Y, Yang W, Yao J S 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 165201
Google Scholar
[16] 孙会芳, 张玲玉, 董志伟, 周海京 2019 强激光与粒子束 31 103221
Google Scholar
Sun H F, Zhang L Y, Dong Z W, Zhou H J 2019 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 31 103221
Google Scholar
[17] Gilbert R M, Klebers J, Bromborsky A 1977 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 24 2389
Google Scholar
[18] Woods A J, Hobbs W E, Wenaas E P 1981 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 28 4467
Google Scholar
[19] Longmire C T 1975 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 22 2340
Google Scholar
[20] Chan P C, Woods A J 1985 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 32 4441
Google Scholar
[21] Strasburg S, Hinshelwood D D, Schumer J W, Mosher D, Ottinger P F, Fernsler R F, Slinker S P 2003 Phys. Plasmas 10 3758
Google Scholar
[22] Pusateri E N, Morris H E, Nelson E M, Ji W 2015 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120 7300
Google Scholar
[23] Angus J R, Mosher D, Swanekamp S B, Ottinger P F, Schumer J W, Hinshelwood D D 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 053510
Google Scholar
[24] Ribière M, Cessenat O, D’Almeida T, De Gaufridy De Dortan F, Maulois M, Delbos C, Garrigues A, Azaïs B 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 032105
Google Scholar
[25] Zhang H T, Zhou Q H, Zhou H J, Sun Q, Song M M, Dong Y, Yang W, Yao J S 2021 J. Appl. Phys. 130 173303
Google Scholar
[26] Wang J G, Cai L B, Zhu X Q, Wang Y, Xuan C 2010 Phys. Plasmas 17 063503
Google Scholar
[27] 李小泽, 王建国, 董长江, 张海 2008 物理学报 57 4613
Google Scholar
Li X Z, Wang J G, Tong C J, Zhang H 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 4613
Google Scholar
[28] Birdsall C K, Langdon A B 2004 Plasma Physics via Computer Simulation (Bristol: IOP Publishing Ltd) p228
[29] Pointon T D 2008 Comput. Phys. Commun. 179 535
Google Scholar
[30] Wang H Y, Jiang W, Sun P, Kong L B 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 035204
Google Scholar
[31] Esirkepov T 2001 Comput. Phys. Commun. 135 144
Google Scholar
[32] Greenwood A D, Cartwright K L, Luginsland J W, Baca E A 2004 J. Comput. Phys. 201 665
Google Scholar
[33] 周辉, 程引会, 李宝忠, 陈雨生 2000 计算物理 17 121
Google Scholar
Zhou H, Cheng Y H, Li B Z, Chen Y S 2000 Chin. J. Comput. Phys. 17 121
Google Scholar
[34] 颜强 2017 博士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学) 第55页
Yan Q 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Harbin: Harbin Engineering University) p55 (in Chinese)
[35] Sugiyama H 1981 Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids 56 205
Google Scholar
[36] Sugiyama H 1985 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 30 331
Google Scholar
[37] Gümüş H 2005 Radiat. Phys. Chem. 72 7
Google Scholar
[38] Gümüş H 2008 Appl. Radiat. Isot. 66 1886
Google Scholar
[39] NIST ESTAR Database 2021 https://physics.nist.gov/Phys RefData/Star/Text/ESTAR.html [2021-8-1]
[40] Longmire C T, Longley H 1973 Improvements in the Treatment of Compton Current and Air Conductivity in EMP Problems (Report)
[41] Farmer W A, Cohen B I, Eng C D 2016 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 63 1259
Google Scholar
[42] Farmer W A, Friedman A 2015 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 62 1695
Google Scholar
[43] Robinson A P L, Strozzi D J, Davies J R, Gremillet L, Honrubia J J, Johzaki T, Kingham R J, Sherlock M, Solodov A A 2014 Nucl. Fusion 54 054003
Google Scholar
[44] Higgins D F, Longmire C L, O’Dell A A 1973 A Method for Estimating the X-Ray Produced Electromagnetic Pulse Observed in the Source Region of a High-Altitude Burst (report)
[45] Itikawa Y 2006 J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35 31
Google Scholar
[46] Phelps Database www.lxcat.net/Phelps [2021-8-1]
[47] Rapp D, Englander-Golden P 1965 J. Chem. Phys. 43 1464
Google Scholar
[48] Kim Y K, Santos J P, Parente F 2000 Phys. Rev. A:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 62 052710
Google Scholar
[49] Maulois M, Ribière M, Eichwald O, Yousfi M, Pouzalgues R, Garrigues A, Delbos C, Azaïs B 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 102117
Google Scholar
[50] Gilbert J L, Radasky W A, Savage E B 2013 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 55 446
Google Scholar
[51] Hagelaar G J M, Pitchford L C 2005 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 14 722
Google Scholar
[52] Wu Y, Zhang H T, Luo B, Yang F, Sun H, Li T W, Tang L 2017 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 37 1051
Google Scholar
[53] Forster R A, Cox L J, Barrett R F, Booth T E, Briesmeister J F, Brown F B, Bull J S, Geisler G C, Goorley J T, Mosteller R D, Post S E, Prael R E, Selcow E C, Sood A 2004 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 213 82
Google Scholar
[54] 陈剑楠, 陶应龙, 牛胜利 2020 现代应用物理 11 010501
Chen J N, Tao Y L, Niu S L 2020 Mod. Appl. Phys. 11 010501
[55] Pointon T D, Cartwright K L 2014 Proceedings of the 67th APS Gaseous Electronics Conference Raleigh NC, USA, November 2–7, 2014 p00051
[56] Maulois M, Ribière M, Eichwald O, Yousfi M, Pouzalgues R, Garrigues A, Delbos C, Azaïs B 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 120 123302
Google Scholar
[57] 宋法伦, 张永辉, 向飞, 常安碧 2008 物理学报 57 1807
Google Scholar
Song F L, Zhang Y H, Xiang F, Chang A B 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1807
Google Scholar
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