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Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is a quantum interference phenomenon in a three-level atomic system. The generation of quantum interference effect significantly reduces the light absorptivity of the specific frequency that is strongly absorbed, and produces a sharp “transmission window” in the resonance absorption region. The EIT is usually accompanied by strong dispersion, which significantly reduces the group velocity of light and enhances the nonlinear interaction. The EIT phenomenon of atomic system usually needs to be observed at very low temperature or high intensity laser, which is a very serious challenge for the application of EIT technology. The simulation of electromagnetically induced transparency using metamaterials can effectively break through these limitations. In this work, an electromagnetically induced transparency-like terahertz metamaterial structure with three bright modes is proposed and investigated. Two weakly hybrid states are composed of two bright modes with similar resonant frequencies. The energy oscillates back and forth between the two modes, and a transparent window is generated between the two resonance points. The designed metamaterial is composed of three groups of bright modes with adjacent resonant frequencies, and the three groups of bright modes are coupled to produce two transparent windows. The electromagnetically induced transparency-like formation mechanism is analyzed based on the simulation curve and electric field distribution. In addition, the sensing properties of metamaterial are determined by simulation and calculation, and the refractive index sensitivities of the two windows can be as high as 451.92 GHz/RIU and 545.31 GHz/RIU under the optimal thickness of the measured substances. Through the sensing simulation of six petroleum products, it is verified that the dual-band has more excellent advantages in dielectric constant matching than the single frequency band. The characteristics of the designed metamaterial in the slow light effect are also studied. The maximum group delay times of the two windows can reach 9.98 ps and 6.23 ps. Therefore, the structure is considered to have an important application value in the field of high sensitivity sensors and slow light devices. -
Keywords:
- electromagnetically induced transparency-like /
- terahertz metamaterials /
- sensing characteristics /
- slow light characteristics
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图 6 (a) 超材料表面覆盖不同被测物厚度对应的第一个EIT-like窗口的拟合灵敏度; (b) 超材料表面覆盖不同被测物厚度对应的第二个EIT-like窗口的拟合灵敏度; (c) 被测物质的厚度对灵敏度的影响
Figure 6. (a) Fitting sensitivity of the first EIT-like window corresponding to different measured substances thickness covered on the surface of metamaterial; (b) fitting sensitivity of the second EIT-like window corresponding to different measured substances thickness covered on the surface of metamaterial; (c) influence of thickness of the measured substances on sensitivity.
表 1 超材料覆盖待测物的仿真和计算结果
Table 1. Simulation and calculation results of metamaterial covering the measured substances.
The measured substance ε Frequency shift
/GHzCalculated
εCalculated
average
εFirst Second First Second JP-4 1.7 133.85 171.83 1.68 1.73 1.705 Petroleum ether 1.8 152.73 188.22 1.79 1.81 1.8 90# 2.01 188.82 227.67 2.01 2.01 2.01 93# 2.11 201.44 248.53 2.09 2.12 2.105 Transmission oil 2.2 218.42 265.2 2.2 2.21 2.205 97# 2.25 222.98 270.68 2.23 2.24 2.235 表 2 各种超材料在传感和慢光方面性能的比较
Table 2. Comparison of sensing and slow light properties of various metamaterials.
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[1] Harris S E, Field J E, Imamoğlu A 1990 Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 1107
Google Scholar
[2] Xiao M, Li Y Q, Jin S Z, Gea-Banacloche J 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 666
Google Scholar
[3] Hau L V, Harris S E, Dutton Z, Behroozi C H 1999 Nature 397 594
Google Scholar
[4] Boller K J, Imamoğlu A, Harris S E 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 2593
Google Scholar
[5] Lin X Q, Chen Z, Yu J W, Liu P Q, Li P F, Chen Z Z 2016 IEEE Sens. J. 16 293
Google Scholar
[6] Lin X Q, Peng J, Chen Z, Yu J W, Yang X F 2018 IEEE Sens. J. 18 9251
Google Scholar
[7] Li H M, Liu S B, Liu S Y, Zhang H F 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 133514
Google Scholar
[8] Zhang F L, He X, Zhou X, Zhou Y L, An S, Yu G Y, Pang L N 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 221904
Google Scholar
[9] Longdell J J, Fraval E, Sellars M J, Manson N B 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 063601
Google Scholar
[10] Ma J Y, Qin J Y, Campbell G T, Lecamwasam R, Sripathy K, Hope J, Buchler B, Lam P K 2020 Sci. Adv. 6 eaax8256
Google Scholar
[11] Liu N, Weiss T, Mesch M, Langguth L, Eigenthaler U, Hirscher M, Sonnichsen C, Giessen H 2010 Nano Lett. 10 1103
Google Scholar
[12] Waks E, Vuckovic J 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 153601
Google Scholar
[13] Tassin P, Zhang L, Koschny T, Economou E N, Soukoulis C M 2009 Opt. Express 17 5595
Google Scholar
[14] Sun Y R, Chen H, Li X J, Hong Z 2017 Opt. Commun. 392 142
Google Scholar
[15] Xiao S Y, Wang T, Liu T T, Yan X C, Li Z, Xu C 2018 Carbon 126 271
Google Scholar
[16] Zhang S, Genov D A, Wang Y, Liu M, Zhang X 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 047401
Google Scholar
[17] Hokmabadi M P, Kim J H, Rivera E, Kung P, Kim S M 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 14373
Google Scholar
[18] Zheng S Q, Zhao Q X, Peng L, Jiang X 2021 Results Phys. 23 104040
Google Scholar
[19] Zhang J J, Xiao S S, Jeppesen C, Kristensen A, Mortensen N A 2010 Opt. Express 18 17187
Google Scholar
[20] Hu S, Yang H L, Han S, Huang X J, Xiao B X 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 117 043107
Google Scholar
[21] Tang B, Jia Z P, Huang L, Su J B, Jiang C 2021 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 27 4700406
Google Scholar
[22] Gu J Q, Singh R, Liu X J, Zhang X Q, Ma Y F, Zhang S, Maier S A, Tian Z, Azad A K, Chen H T, Taylor A J, Han J G, Zhang W L 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 1151
Google Scholar
[23] Sarkar R, Devi K M, Ghindani D, Prabhu S S, Chowdhury D R, Kumar G 2020 J. Opt. 22 035105
Google Scholar
[24] Li H M, Liu S B, Liu S Y, Wang S Y, Zhang H F, Bian B R, Kong X K 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 114101
Google Scholar
[25] Li H M, Liu S B, Liu S Y, Wang S Y, Ding G W, Yang H, Yu Z Y, Zhang H F 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 083511
Google Scholar
[26] Zhang K, Wang C, Qin L, Peng R W, Xu D H, Xiong X, Wang M 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 3539
Google Scholar
[27] Liu T T, Wang H X, Liu Y, Xiao L S, Zhou C B, Liu Y B, Xu C, Xiao S Y 2018 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 51 415105
Google Scholar
[28] Devi K M, Chowdhury D R, Kumar G, Sarma A K 2018 J. Appl. Phys. 124 063106
Google Scholar
[29] Zhu L, Meng F Y, Fu J H, Wu Q, Hua J 2012 Opt. Express 20 4494
Google Scholar
[30] Hu J, Lang T T, Hong Z, Shen C Y, Shi G H 2018 J. Lightwave Technol. 36 2083
Google Scholar
[31] Kang M, Li Y N, Chen J, Chen J, Bai Q, Wang H T, Wu P H 2010 Appl. Phys. B 100 699
Google Scholar
[32] Wu X J, Quan B G, Pan X C, Xu X L, Lu X C, Gu C Z, Wang L 2013 Biosens. Bioelectron. 42 626
Google Scholar
[33] Zhang C, Liang L, Ding L, Jin B, Hou Y, Li C, Jiang L, Liu W, Hu W, Lu Y, Kang L, Xu W, Chen J, Wu P 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 241105
Google Scholar
[34] Xie Q, Dong G X, Wang B X, Huang W Q 2018 Nanoscale Res. Lett. 13 2947
Google Scholar
[35] Saadeldin A S, Hameed M F O, Elkaramany E M A, Obayya S S A 2019 IEEE Sens. J. 19 7993
Google Scholar
[36] Chen T, Zhang D P, Huang F Y, Li Z, Hu F R 2020 Mater. Res. Express 7 095802
Google Scholar
[37] Zhang X, Wang Y, Cui Z, Zhang X, Chen S, Zhang K, Wang X 2021 Opt. Mater. Express 11 1470
Google Scholar
[38] Liu T T, Zhou C B, Cheng L, Jiang X Y, Wang G Z, Xu C, Xiao S Y 2019 J. Opt. 21 035101
Google Scholar
[39] Zhang Z, Yang J, Han Y, He X, Zhang J, Huang J, Chen D, Xu S, Xie W 2020 Appl. Phys. A 126 199
Google Scholar
[40] Jiang J, Cui J, Fang R, Wu F, Yang Y 2020 Integr. Ferroelectr. 212 1
Google Scholar
[41] Zeng F, Zhong M 2021 Opt. Mater. 111 110596
Google Scholar
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