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Miniature electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources are widely used in compact ion implanters, miniature neutron tubes, and miniature ion thrusters. To understand the mechanism of miniature ECR ion source, a miniature deuterium ion source developed by Peking University is taken as the research object. In this work, a global model based on particle balance equations is developed for studying the hydrogen plasma and the deuterium plasma inside the miniature ECR source. The research results show that both the hydrogen discharge process and the deuterium discharge process of the ion source are strongly dependent on the gas pressure and microwave power. The calculated results show that high power is beneficial to increasing the proportion of H+(D+) ions, low pressure is helpful in augmenting the ratio of
$ {\text{H}}_2^ + $ ($ {\text{D}}_2^ + $ ) ions, high pressure and low power are beneficial to enhancing the proportion of$ {\text{H}}_3^ + $ ($ {\text{D}}_3^ + $ ) ions. In addition, there is a large difference in ion proportion between hydrogen discharge and deuterium discharge. Under the same operating parameters, the proportion of D+ ions is 10%–25% higher than the proportion of H+ ions since the plasma density of deuterium discharge is higher than that of hydrogen plasma. Therefore, during the operation of miniature source, H2 gas, instead of D2 gas, can be used in experiment, and the proportion of D+ ions under the corresponding operating parameters can be estimated based on the proportion of H+ ions. Finally, the calculated results show that high microwave power is a prerequisite for achieving the high proportion of H+ (D+) ions. However, owing to the limitation of microwave coupling efficiency, the miniature ECR ion source cannot work when the microwave power is greater than 150 W, so that the H+ (D+) proportion cannot be further increased, thereby limiting its further applications in neutron sources, implanters, etc. Therefore, how to improve the microwave coupling efficiency has become one of the key research contents of the miniature ECR ion source. The global model proposed in this paper is helpful in understanding the physical process of the miniature ECR ion source, but there are also some shortcomings. Firstly, the effect of the secondary electron emission coefficient is not considered in the model, so it is impossible to study the influence of wall materials on ion proportion in detail. Secondly, the dissociation degree depends on the plasma measurements, and the error of plasma measurements in turn affect the accuracy of the model to a certain extent. In addition, only the hydrogen plasma model and deuterium plasma model are established in this work, based on which it is impossible to study the processes of other gas discharge plasmas. In the future, the above factors will be considered and the model will be further improved to establish a complete and self-consistent global model of the miniature ECR ion source.-
Keywords:
- electron cyclotron resonance ion source /
- plasma simulation /
- ion fraction /
- neutron source
[1] Gammino S, Celona L, Ciavola G, Maimone F, Mascali D 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 02B313Google Scholar
[2] 丁俊章, 赵玉彬, 刘占稳, 赵红卫, 袁平, 曹云, 雷海亮, 张子民, 张雪珍, 张汶, 郭晓虹, 王辉, 冯玉成, 李锦玉, 马保华, 高级元, 宋沛, 李锡霞 2001 核技术 24 43Google Scholar
Ding J Z, Zhao Y B, Liu Z W, Zhao H W, Yuan P, Cao Y, Lei H L, Zhang Z M, Zhang X Z, Zhang W, Guo X H, Wang H, Feng Y C, Li J Y, Ma B H, Gao J Y, Song P, Li X X 2001 Nucl. Tech. 24 43Google Scholar
[3] Alonso J R, Calabretta L, Campo D, Celona L, Conrad J, Martinez R G, Johnson R, Labrecque F, Toups M H, Winklehner D, Winslow L 2014 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 02A742Google Scholar
[4] 崔保群, 李立强, 包轶文, 蒋渭生, 王荣文 2002 原子能科学技术 36 486Google Scholar
Cui B Q, Li L Q, Bao Y W, Jiang W S, Wang R W 2002 Atomic Energy Science and Technology 36 486Google Scholar
[5] Harrison S E, Voss L F, Torres A M, Frye C D, Shao Q, Nikolić R J 2017 J. Vat. Sci. Technol. A 35 061303Google Scholar
[6] More S E, Dave J R, Makar P K, Bhoraskar S V, Premkumar S, Tomar G B, Mathe V L 2020 Appl. Surf. Sci. 506 144665Google Scholar
[7] Kim W J, Ryu J, Im J, Kim S H, Kang S Y, Lee J H, Jo S H, Ha B K 2018 Mol. Genet. Genomics. 293 1169Google Scholar
[8] 李波, 刘华昌, 王云, 吴小磊, 李阿红, 瞿培华, 陈强, 樊梦旭, 巩克云, 欧阳华甫, 吴丛凤 2019 原子能科学技术 53 1656Google Scholar
Li B, Liu H C, Wang Y, Wu X L, Li A H, Qu P H, Chen Q, Fan M X, Gong K Y, Ouyang H F, Wu C F 2019 Atomic Energy Science and Technology 53 1656Google Scholar
[9] Jiang Y X, Peng S X, Wu W B, Ma T H, Zhang J F, Ren H T, Zhang T, Wen J M, Xu Y, Zhang A L, Sun J, Guo Z Y, Chen J E 2020 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91 033319Google Scholar
[10] Vainionpaa J H, Harris J L, Piestrup M A, Gary C K, Williams D L, Apodaca M D, Cremer J T, Ji Q, Ludewigt B A, Jones G 2013 AIP Conf. Proc. 1525 118Google Scholar
[11] Fu S, Ding Z, Ke Y, Tian L 2020 IEEE T. Plasma. Sci. 48 676Google Scholar
[12] Wen J M, Peng S X, Ren H T, Zhang T, Zhang J F, Wu W B, Sun J, Guo Z Y, Chen J E 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 055204Google Scholar
[13] Bogomolov S L, Bondarchenko A E, Efremov A A, Kostyukhov Y E, Kuzmenkov K I, Loginov V N, Pugachev D K, Fatkullin R D 2019 J. Instrum. 14 C01009Google Scholar
[14] Ke Y J, Sun X F, Chen X K, Tian L C, Zhang T P, Zheng F M, Jia Y H, Jiang H C 2017 Plasma Sci. Technol. 19 095503Google Scholar
[15] Yamamoto N, Chikaoka T, Masui H, Nakashima H, Takao Y, Kondo S 2006 In 42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit California, America, July 9–12, 2006 p5177
[16] Torii Y, Shimada M, Watanabe I 1992 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63 2559Google Scholar
[17] Ji Q 2011 AIP Conf. Proc. 1336 528Google Scholar
[18] Baumgarten C, Barchetti A, Einenkel H, Goetz D, Schmelzbach P A 2011 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82 053304Google Scholar
[19] Fatkullin R, Bogomolov S, Kuzmenkov K, Efremov A 2018 EPJ Web of Conf. 177 08003Google Scholar
[20] Chan C F, Burrell C F, Cooper W S 1983 J. Appl. Phys. 54 6119Google Scholar
[21] Samuell C M, Corr C S 2016 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 015014Google Scholar
[22] Zorat R, Goss J, Boilson D, Vender D 2000 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 9 161Google Scholar
[23] Hollmann E M, Pigarov A Y 2002 Phys. Plasmas 9 4330Google Scholar
[24] Ke J L, Liu Y G, Liu B L, Hu Y H, Liu M, Tang J, Zheng P, Li Y, Wu C L, Lou B C 2020 Instrum. Exp. Tech. 63 616Google Scholar
[25] Svarnas P, Bacal M, Auvray P, Béchu S, Pelletier J 2006 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 03A512Google Scholar
[26] Eguchi T, Sasao M, Shimabukuro Y, Ikemoto F, Kisaki M, Nakano H, Tsumori K, Wada M 2020 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91 013508Google Scholar
[27] Janev R K, Langer W D Jr, Evans K, Post D E 1987 Elementary Processes in Hydrogen-Helium Plasmas: Cross Sections and Reaction Rate Coefficients (Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg) p1868
[28] Huh S R, Kim N K, Jung B K, Chung K J, Hwang Y S, Kim G H 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 033506Google Scholar
[29] McNeely P, Dudin S V, Christ-Koch S, Fantz U, the NNBI Team 2009 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18 014011Google Scholar
[30] Godyak V A, Piejak R B, Alexandrovich B M 2002 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 11 525Google Scholar
[31] Singh S B, Chand N, Pati D S 2009 Vacuum 83 372Google Scholar
[32] Kimura T, Kasugai H 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 083308Google Scholar
[33] Hjartarson A T, Thorsteinsson E G, Gudmundsson J T 2010 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19 065008Google Scholar
[34] Fantz U 2006 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15 S137Google Scholar
[35] Mazzaglia M, Castro G, Mascali D, Celona L, Neri L, Torrisi G, Gammino S, Reitano R, Naselli E 2019 Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 22 053401Google Scholar
[36] Wu W B, Ren H T, Peng S X, Xu Y, Wen J M, Sun J, Zhang A L, Zhang T, Zhang J F, Chen J E 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 095204Google Scholar
[37] Koga M, Yonesu A, Kawai Y 2003 Surf. Coat. Tech. 171 216Google Scholar
[38] Reuben B G, Friedman L 1962 J. Chem. Phys. 37 1636Google Scholar
[39] Dandl R A, Guest G E 1991 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 9 3119Google Scholar
[40] Fu S L, Chen J F, Hu S J, Wu X Q, Lee Y, Fan S L 2006 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15 187Google Scholar
[41] Yoshida Y 1992 Appl. Phys. Lett. 61 1733Google Scholar
[42] Zhang M, Peng S X, Ren H T, Song Z Z, Yuan Z X, Zhou Q F, Lu P N, Xu R, Zhao J, Yu J X, Chen J E, Guo Z Y, Lu Y R 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 02B715Google Scholar
[43] Wu W B, Peng S X, Ren H T, Xu Y, Wen J M, Zhang A L, Zhang T, Zhang J F, Sun J, Guo Z Y, Chen J E 2018 AIP Conf. Proc. 2011 020004Google Scholar
[44] Wu Y 2009 Ph. D. Dissertation (Berkeley: UC Berkeley)
[45] Wu W B, Zhang A L, Peng S X, Ma T H, Jiang Y X, Li K, Zhang J F, Zhang T, Wen J M, Xu Y, Guo Z Y, Chen J E 2020 Vacuum 182 109744Google Scholar
[46] Fantz U, Falter H, Franzen P, Wünderlich D, Berger M, Lorenz A, Kraus W, McNeely P, Riedl R, Speth E 2006 Nucl. Fusion 46 S297Google Scholar
[47] Child C D 1911 Phys. Rev. 32 492Google Scholar
[48] Langmuir I 1913 Phys. Rev. 2 450Google Scholar
[49] Xu Y, Peng S X, Ren H T, Zhang A L, Zhang T, Xu Y, Zhang J F, Wen J M, Wu W B, Guo Z Y, Chen J E 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 085203Google Scholar
[50] Miracoli R, Celona L, Castro G, Mascali D, Gammino S, Lanaia D, Giugno R Di, Serafno T, Ciavola G 2012 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83 02A305Google Scholar
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图 10 不同运行气压和微波功率条件下, 氘气和氢气放电的离子比对照 (a) D+; (b)
$ {\text{D}}_2^ + $ ; (c)$ {\text{D}}_3^ + $ ; (d) H+; (e)$ {\text{H}}_2^ + $ ; (f)$ {\text{H}}_3^ + $ Figure 10. Comparison of ion fractions for D2 and H2 plasma at different gas pressure and microwave power: (a) D+; (b)
$ {\text{D}}_2^ + $ ; (c)$ {\text{D}}_3^ + $ ; (d) H+; (e)$ {\text{H}}_2^ + $ ; (f)$ {\text{H}}_3^ + $ .图 11 不同运行气压和微波功率条件下, 氘气放电和氢气放电的离子比差值 (a) Δ [D+–H+]; (b) Δ [
$ {\text{D}}_2^ + $ –$ {\text{H}}_2^ + $ ]; (c) Δ [$ {\text{D}}_3^ + $ –$ {\text{H}}_3^ + $ ]Figure 11. The difference of ion fraction between D2 plasma and H2 plasma at different gas pressure and microwave power: (a) Δ [D+–H+]; (b) Δ [
$ {\text{D}}_2^ + $ –$ {\text{H}}_2^ + $ ]; (c) Δ [$ {\text{D}}_3^ + $ –$ {\text{H}}_3^ + $ ]. -
[1] Gammino S, Celona L, Ciavola G, Maimone F, Mascali D 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 02B313Google Scholar
[2] 丁俊章, 赵玉彬, 刘占稳, 赵红卫, 袁平, 曹云, 雷海亮, 张子民, 张雪珍, 张汶, 郭晓虹, 王辉, 冯玉成, 李锦玉, 马保华, 高级元, 宋沛, 李锡霞 2001 核技术 24 43Google Scholar
Ding J Z, Zhao Y B, Liu Z W, Zhao H W, Yuan P, Cao Y, Lei H L, Zhang Z M, Zhang X Z, Zhang W, Guo X H, Wang H, Feng Y C, Li J Y, Ma B H, Gao J Y, Song P, Li X X 2001 Nucl. Tech. 24 43Google Scholar
[3] Alonso J R, Calabretta L, Campo D, Celona L, Conrad J, Martinez R G, Johnson R, Labrecque F, Toups M H, Winklehner D, Winslow L 2014 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 02A742Google Scholar
[4] 崔保群, 李立强, 包轶文, 蒋渭生, 王荣文 2002 原子能科学技术 36 486Google Scholar
Cui B Q, Li L Q, Bao Y W, Jiang W S, Wang R W 2002 Atomic Energy Science and Technology 36 486Google Scholar
[5] Harrison S E, Voss L F, Torres A M, Frye C D, Shao Q, Nikolić R J 2017 J. Vat. Sci. Technol. A 35 061303Google Scholar
[6] More S E, Dave J R, Makar P K, Bhoraskar S V, Premkumar S, Tomar G B, Mathe V L 2020 Appl. Surf. Sci. 506 144665Google Scholar
[7] Kim W J, Ryu J, Im J, Kim S H, Kang S Y, Lee J H, Jo S H, Ha B K 2018 Mol. Genet. Genomics. 293 1169Google Scholar
[8] 李波, 刘华昌, 王云, 吴小磊, 李阿红, 瞿培华, 陈强, 樊梦旭, 巩克云, 欧阳华甫, 吴丛凤 2019 原子能科学技术 53 1656Google Scholar
Li B, Liu H C, Wang Y, Wu X L, Li A H, Qu P H, Chen Q, Fan M X, Gong K Y, Ouyang H F, Wu C F 2019 Atomic Energy Science and Technology 53 1656Google Scholar
[9] Jiang Y X, Peng S X, Wu W B, Ma T H, Zhang J F, Ren H T, Zhang T, Wen J M, Xu Y, Zhang A L, Sun J, Guo Z Y, Chen J E 2020 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91 033319Google Scholar
[10] Vainionpaa J H, Harris J L, Piestrup M A, Gary C K, Williams D L, Apodaca M D, Cremer J T, Ji Q, Ludewigt B A, Jones G 2013 AIP Conf. Proc. 1525 118Google Scholar
[11] Fu S, Ding Z, Ke Y, Tian L 2020 IEEE T. Plasma. Sci. 48 676Google Scholar
[12] Wen J M, Peng S X, Ren H T, Zhang T, Zhang J F, Wu W B, Sun J, Guo Z Y, Chen J E 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 055204Google Scholar
[13] Bogomolov S L, Bondarchenko A E, Efremov A A, Kostyukhov Y E, Kuzmenkov K I, Loginov V N, Pugachev D K, Fatkullin R D 2019 J. Instrum. 14 C01009Google Scholar
[14] Ke Y J, Sun X F, Chen X K, Tian L C, Zhang T P, Zheng F M, Jia Y H, Jiang H C 2017 Plasma Sci. Technol. 19 095503Google Scholar
[15] Yamamoto N, Chikaoka T, Masui H, Nakashima H, Takao Y, Kondo S 2006 In 42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit California, America, July 9–12, 2006 p5177
[16] Torii Y, Shimada M, Watanabe I 1992 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63 2559Google Scholar
[17] Ji Q 2011 AIP Conf. Proc. 1336 528Google Scholar
[18] Baumgarten C, Barchetti A, Einenkel H, Goetz D, Schmelzbach P A 2011 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82 053304Google Scholar
[19] Fatkullin R, Bogomolov S, Kuzmenkov K, Efremov A 2018 EPJ Web of Conf. 177 08003Google Scholar
[20] Chan C F, Burrell C F, Cooper W S 1983 J. Appl. Phys. 54 6119Google Scholar
[21] Samuell C M, Corr C S 2016 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 015014Google Scholar
[22] Zorat R, Goss J, Boilson D, Vender D 2000 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 9 161Google Scholar
[23] Hollmann E M, Pigarov A Y 2002 Phys. Plasmas 9 4330Google Scholar
[24] Ke J L, Liu Y G, Liu B L, Hu Y H, Liu M, Tang J, Zheng P, Li Y, Wu C L, Lou B C 2020 Instrum. Exp. Tech. 63 616Google Scholar
[25] Svarnas P, Bacal M, Auvray P, Béchu S, Pelletier J 2006 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 03A512Google Scholar
[26] Eguchi T, Sasao M, Shimabukuro Y, Ikemoto F, Kisaki M, Nakano H, Tsumori K, Wada M 2020 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91 013508Google Scholar
[27] Janev R K, Langer W D Jr, Evans K, Post D E 1987 Elementary Processes in Hydrogen-Helium Plasmas: Cross Sections and Reaction Rate Coefficients (Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg) p1868
[28] Huh S R, Kim N K, Jung B K, Chung K J, Hwang Y S, Kim G H 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 033506Google Scholar
[29] McNeely P, Dudin S V, Christ-Koch S, Fantz U, the NNBI Team 2009 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18 014011Google Scholar
[30] Godyak V A, Piejak R B, Alexandrovich B M 2002 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 11 525Google Scholar
[31] Singh S B, Chand N, Pati D S 2009 Vacuum 83 372Google Scholar
[32] Kimura T, Kasugai H 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 083308Google Scholar
[33] Hjartarson A T, Thorsteinsson E G, Gudmundsson J T 2010 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19 065008Google Scholar
[34] Fantz U 2006 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15 S137Google Scholar
[35] Mazzaglia M, Castro G, Mascali D, Celona L, Neri L, Torrisi G, Gammino S, Reitano R, Naselli E 2019 Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 22 053401Google Scholar
[36] Wu W B, Ren H T, Peng S X, Xu Y, Wen J M, Sun J, Zhang A L, Zhang T, Zhang J F, Chen J E 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 095204Google Scholar
[37] Koga M, Yonesu A, Kawai Y 2003 Surf. Coat. Tech. 171 216Google Scholar
[38] Reuben B G, Friedman L 1962 J. Chem. Phys. 37 1636Google Scholar
[39] Dandl R A, Guest G E 1991 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 9 3119Google Scholar
[40] Fu S L, Chen J F, Hu S J, Wu X Q, Lee Y, Fan S L 2006 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15 187Google Scholar
[41] Yoshida Y 1992 Appl. Phys. Lett. 61 1733Google Scholar
[42] Zhang M, Peng S X, Ren H T, Song Z Z, Yuan Z X, Zhou Q F, Lu P N, Xu R, Zhao J, Yu J X, Chen J E, Guo Z Y, Lu Y R 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 02B715Google Scholar
[43] Wu W B, Peng S X, Ren H T, Xu Y, Wen J M, Zhang A L, Zhang T, Zhang J F, Sun J, Guo Z Y, Chen J E 2018 AIP Conf. Proc. 2011 020004Google Scholar
[44] Wu Y 2009 Ph. D. Dissertation (Berkeley: UC Berkeley)
[45] Wu W B, Zhang A L, Peng S X, Ma T H, Jiang Y X, Li K, Zhang J F, Zhang T, Wen J M, Xu Y, Guo Z Y, Chen J E 2020 Vacuum 182 109744Google Scholar
[46] Fantz U, Falter H, Franzen P, Wünderlich D, Berger M, Lorenz A, Kraus W, McNeely P, Riedl R, Speth E 2006 Nucl. Fusion 46 S297Google Scholar
[47] Child C D 1911 Phys. Rev. 32 492Google Scholar
[48] Langmuir I 1913 Phys. Rev. 2 450Google Scholar
[49] Xu Y, Peng S X, Ren H T, Zhang A L, Zhang T, Xu Y, Zhang J F, Wen J M, Wu W B, Guo Z Y, Chen J E 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 085203Google Scholar
[50] Miracoli R, Celona L, Castro G, Mascali D, Gammino S, Lanaia D, Giugno R Di, Serafno T, Ciavola G 2012 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83 02A305Google Scholar
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