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In order to solve the problems of large, uncontrollable insertion loss and small phase shift of the existing terahertz phase shifters, in this work a kind of terahertz phase shifter realized by a simple metamaterial composite structure is designed. The device is composed of four layers in structure, they from top to bottom, being an L-shaped metal resonance layer, a liquid crystal layer, a bow-shaped metal layer, and a quartz substrate layer. By applying a bias voltage to the upper metal layer and the lower metal layer, the deflection angle α of the director of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal cell is changed, so that the effective refractive index of the liquid crystal changes, and the phase of the device also changes accordingly, thereby achieving the purpose of dynamic phase control. The performances of the upper metal layer, the lower metal layer and liquid crystal layer are optimized and compared with each other. The performance characteristics of the phase shifter under different values of deflection angle α and different values of incident angle θ are analyzed by frequency domain finite integration method. Through the simulation optimization and comparison of the size of the upper and lower metal layers and the thickness of the liquid crystal layer, the optimum is obtained. The simulation results show that the transmittance of the terahertz liquid crystal phase shifter can reach 0.968 in a frequency between 1.68–1.78 THz, and the insertion loss can be as low as 0.3 dB. When the frequency is 1.7396 THz, the maximum phase shift of the terahertz phase shifter is 352.625°. The phase shift exceeds 352° in a frequency range of 1.7315–1.7396 THz (Bandwidth is 8.1 GHz). This simple metamaterial multilayer structure provides a new method of controlling terahertz waves, and has broad application prospects in terahertz imaging, sensing and other fields.
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Keywords:
- terahertz /
- metamaterials /
- liquid crystal phase shifters /
- dynamic control
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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[18] 于雪 2018 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学)
Yu X 2018 M. S. Thesis (Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology) (in Chinese)
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图 1 超材料太赫兹液晶移相器结构 (a)周期三维结构; (b)单元三维结构; 上层(c)和下层(d)金属结构俯视图
Figure 1. Structure diagram of metamaterial terahertz liquid crystal phase shifter: (a) Periodic three-dimensional structure; (b) unit three-dimensional structure; top view of upper (c) and lower (d) unit structure.
图 2 盒内液晶分子排列方向图 (a) V = 0, 液晶粒子未偏转; (b) V = Vth, 液晶粒子完全偏转
Figure 2. The alignment direction of liquid crystal molecules: (a) V = 0, the liquid crystal particles are not deflected; (b) V = Vth, the liquid crystal particles are completely deflected.
图 3 液晶分子偏转示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the deflection of liquid crystal molecules.
图 4 V = 0与V = Vth时, 太赫兹移相器的太赫兹波透射曲线和插入损耗
Figure 4. Terahertz wave transmission curve and insertion loss of the terahertz phase shifter when V = 0 and V = Vth.
图 5 太赫兹移相器在工作频段1.731—1.740 THz内的相移曲线(a)和透射系数(b)
Figure 5. Phase shift curve (a) and transmission coefficient (b) of the terahertz phase shifter in the working frequency range of 1.731–1.740 THz.
图 6 太赫兹移相器在工作频段范围内不同α对应的相移曲线(a)和透射系数(b)
Figure 6. Phase shift curve (a) and transmission coefficient (b) of the terahertz phase shifter in the working frequency.
图 7 1.7315 THz时3层结构电场能量分布图, 包括下金属层 (a) V = 0, (b) V = Vth; 液晶层 (c) V = 0, (d) V = Vth; 上金属层(e) V = 0, (f) V = Vth
Figure 7. Electric field energy distribution diagram of the three-tier structure at 1.7315 THz. Lower metal layer: (a) V = 0, (b) V = Vth; liquid crystal layer: (c) V = 0, (d) V = Vth; upper metal layer: (e) V = 0, (f) V = Vth.
图 8 θ = 10°—80°, 在1.731—1.740 THz内的(a), (b)相移曲线和(c), (d)透射系数 (a) V = 0; (b) V = Vth; (c) V = 0; (d) V = Vth; (e) θ = 50°时太赫兹移相器的相移量
Figure 8. (a), (b) Phase shift curve and (c), (d) transmission coefficient with θ = 10°—80° at 1.731–1.740 THz: (a) V = 0; (b) V = Vth; (c) V = 0; (d) V = Vth; (e) phase shift amount of the terahertz phase shifter at θ = 50°.
表 1 HFUT-HB01型号液晶的材料性能参数
Table 1. Material performance parameters of HFUT-HB01 liquid crystal.
$ {\varepsilon _ \bot } $ $ {\tan}{\delta _ \bot } $ ${\varepsilon _{//} }$ ${\tan}{\delta _{//} }$ $ {K_{11}} $/pN 2.47 0.02 3.60 0.02 25 
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[1] Clough B, Dai J M, Zhang X C 2012 Mater. Today 15 50
Google Scholar
[2] Landy N I, Sajuyigbe S, Mock J J, Smith D R, Padilla W J 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 207405
Google Scholar
[3] 陈俊, 杨茂生, 李亚迪, 程登科, 郭耿亮, 蒋林, 张海婷, 宋效先, 叶云霞, 任云鹏, 任旭东, 张雅婷, 姚建铨 2019 物理学报 68 247802
Google Scholar
Chen J, Yang M S, Li Y T, Cheng D K, Guo G L, Jiang L, Zhang H T, Song X X, Ye Y X, Ren Y P, Ren X D, Zhang Y T, Yao J Q 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 247802
Google Scholar
[4] Vieweg N, Fischer B M, Reuter M, Kula P, Dabrowski R, Celik M A, Frenking G, Koch M, Jepsen P U 2012 Opt. Express 20 28249
Google Scholar
[5] Köhler R, Tredicucci A, Beltram F, Beere H E, Linfield E H, Davies G A, Ritchie D A, Lotti R C, Rossi F 2002 Nature 417 156
Google Scholar
[6] Jansen C, Wietzke S, Peters O, Scheller M, Vieweg N, Salhi M, Krumbholz N, Jördens C, Hochrein T, Koch M 2010 Appl. Opt. 49 E48
Google Scholar
[7] Shaltout A M, Shalaev V M, Brongersma M L 2019 Science 364 3100
Google Scholar
[8] He Q, Sun S, Zhou L 2019 Research 2019 1849272
Google Scholar
[9] Hashemi M R, Cakmakyapan S, Jarrahi M 2017 Rep. Prog. Phys. 80 094501
Google Scholar
[10] 丛龙庆 2021 中国激光 48 157
Google Scholar
Cong L Q 2021 Chin. J. Lasers 48 157
Google Scholar
[11] Koeberle M, Hoefle M, Gaebler A, Penirschke A, Jakoby R 2011 International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves Houston, The United States, October 2–7, 2011 p1
[12] Jost M, Strunck S, Heunisch A, Wiens A, Prasetiadi A E, Weickhmann C, Schulz B, Quibeldey M, Karabey O H, Rabe T, Follmann R, Koether D, Jakoby R 2015 European Microwave Conference Paris, France, September 7–10, 2015 p1260
[13] Gao S, Yang J, Wang P, Zheng A, Lu H, Deng G, Lai W, Yin Z 2018 Appl. Sciences 8 2528
Google Scholar
[14] Inoue Y, Kubo H, Shikada T, Moritake H 2019 Macromol. Mater. 304 1800766
Google Scholar
[15] 龙洁, 李九生 2021 物理学报 70 074201
Google Scholar
Long J, Li J S 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 074201
Google Scholar
[16] Zhang X, Fan F, Zhang C Y, Ji Y Y, Wang X H, Chang S J 2020 Opt. Mater. Express 10 282
Google Scholar
[17] Gao S 2020 M. S. Thesis (Hefei: Hefei University of Technology) (in Chinese)
[18] 于雪 2018 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学)
Yu X 2018 M. S. Thesis (Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology) (in Chinese)
[19] Yaghmaee P, Karabey O H, Bates B, Fumeaux C, Jakoby R 2013 Int. J. Antenn. Propag. 10 824214
[20] Gennes P G D, Alben R 1975 Phys. Today 28 54
Google Scholar
[21] Gaebler A, Moessinger A, Goelden F, et al. 2009 Int. J. Antenn. Propag. 6 876989
Google Scholar
[22] Nickel M, Jiménez-Sáez A, Agrawal P, Gadallah A, Malignaggi A, Schuster C, Reese R, Tesmer H, Ploat E Wang D W, Schumacher P, Jakoby R 2020 IEEE Access 8 77833
Google Scholar
[23] Blinov L M, Chigrinov V G 1994 Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystal Materials (New York: Springer Sci. Business Media) p1
[24] Collings, Peter J 1998 Am. J. Phys. 66 551
[25] Gölden F 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hesse: Technische Universitaet Darmstadt)
[26] Wang J Q 2020 M. S. Thesis (Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology) (in Chinese)
[27] Smith D R, Dalichaouch R, Kroll N, Schultz S, Mccall S L, Platzman P M 1993 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10 314
[28] Pozar D M 2012 URSI Radio Science Bulletin 342 26
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