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In this work, we study the quasi-two-dimensional hidden vortices of quantum droplets (QDs) trapped by a thicker transverse confinement and investigate their dynamical properties. Previous studies demonstrated that the hidden vortices of QDs in a three-dimensional free space are unstable and stable two-dimensional hidden vortices of QDs only with
${S_{1,2}} = \pm 1$ can be supported by a thin transverse confinement. Under the conditions of thicker transverse confinement, the Lee-Huang-Yang correction term in quasi-two-dimensional space is still described in the form of the three-dimensional space. Hence, under this condition, the stability and characteristics of the hidden vortices of QDs are worth studying. By using the imaginary time method, the hidden vortices of QDs with topological charge${S_{1,2}}$ up to$ \pm 4$ are obtained for the first time. Furthermore, the dependence of the effective area${A_{{\text{eff}}}}$ and the chemical potential$\mu $ on the total norm$N$ of the hidden vortices of QDs are demonstrated. Besides, by using the linear stability analysis combined with the direct simulations, we obtain the dependence of the threshold norm${N_{{\text{th}}}}$ on the topological charge${S_1}$ and the nonlinear coefficient${\text{δ}}g$ . Finally, we study the composite vortex pattern constructed by two hidden vortices of QDs, namely nested vortex QDs. Based on the fact that the hidden vortices of QDs generally have flat-top density profiles, the Thomas-Fermi approximation can be used to verify the numerical results effectively. The results of this paper can be extended in some directions, and provide a theoretical basis for the experimental realization of the hidden vortices of QDs.-
Keywords:
- Bose-Einstein condensates /
- Gross-Pitaevskii equation /
- hidden vortices /
- quantum droplets
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Jia R Y, Fang P P, Gao C, Lin J 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 180303Google Scholar
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Chen H J, Li X F 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 070302Google Scholar
[11] Li Y E, Xue J K 2016 Chin. Phys. Lett. 33 100502Google Scholar
[12] 周嘉仪, 李画眉 2014 浙江师范大学学报 38 303
Zhou J Y, Li H M 2014 J. Zhejiang Normal Univ. 38 303
[13] 唐娜, 杨雪滢, 宋琳, 张娟, 李晓霖, 周志坤, 石玉仁 2020 物理学报 69 010301Google Scholar
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[62] Mihalache D, Mazilu D, Malomed B A, Lederer F 2006 Phys. Rev. A 73 043615Google Scholar
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[64] Yang J K, Lakoba T I 2008 Stud. Appl. Math. 120 265Google Scholar
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图 1 隐秘涡旋量子液滴的典型例子 (a1), (a2)总粒子数
$N = 2500$ 时, 拓扑荷为${S_{1, 2}}{\text{ = }} \pm {\text{3}}$ 的两分量密度分布图; (b1), (b2) 分别对应其相位分布; (c1), (c2)总粒子数$N = 30000$ 时, 拓扑荷为${S_{1, 2}}{\text{ = }} \pm {\text{4}}$ 的两分量的密度分布图; (d1), (d2) 分别对应其相位分布. 系统参数为$g = 10$ 和$\text{δ} g = 0.5$ Figure 1. Typical examples of stable hidden vortices of QDs: (a1), (a2) Density patterns of the two components with
$(N, {S_{1, 2}}) = (2500, \pm {\text{3}})$ ; (b1), (b2) the corresponding phase diagrams of the hidden vortices of QDs are in panels (a1) and (a2), respectively; (c1), (c2) density patterns of the two components with$(N, {S_{1, 2}}) = (30000, \pm 4)$ ; (d1), (d2) the corresponding phase diagrams of the hidden vortices of QDs are in panels (c1) and (c2), respectively. The other parameters are$g = 10$ and$\text{δ} g = 0.5$ .图 2 (a) 隐秘涡旋量子液滴的有效面积
${A_{{\text{eff}}}}$ 与总粒子数$N$ 之间的依赖关系,${N_{{\text{th}}}}$ 表示稳定与不稳定区域的临界值, 红色实线表示稳定区域, 黑色点虚线表示不稳定区域; (b) 蓝色点表示固定${\text{δ}}g = 0.5$ 时, 临界值${N_{{\text{th}}}}$ 与拓扑荷$ S_1$ 之间的依赖关系; 黑色“★”表示临界值下的隐秘涡旋量子液滴的内半径大小${R_{{\text{in}}}}$ ; (c) 固定${S_{1, 2}} = \pm 1$ 时, 不同$\delta g$ 值下的临界值${N_{{\text{th}}}}$ ; (d) 固定${S_{1, 2}} = \pm 1$ 时, 化学势$\mu $ 与总粒子数$N$ 之间的依赖关系Figure 2. (a) The dependence of the effective area
${A_{{\text{eff}}}}$ on the norm$N$ of the hidden vortices of QDs,${N_{{\text{th}}}}$ is the threshold norm, red solid curve shows the stable region and the black dash curve shows the unstable region; (b) the blue dot represents the dependence of the threshold${N_{{\text{th}}}}$ on the topological charge$ S_1$ when${\text{δ}}g = 0.5$ , the black star represents the inner radius of the hidden vortices of QDs at the threshold norm; (c) the threshold norm${N_{{\text{th}}}}$ for hidden vortices of QDs with${S_{1, 2}} = \pm 1$ as a function of${\text{δ}}g$ ; (d) the dependence of the chemical potential$\mu $ on the total norm$N$ with${S_{1, 2}} = \pm 1$ .图 3 (a1)—(a3)
$ N = 300 $ 时,${\varPhi _1}$ 分量传输到$t = 0$ ,$t = 7300$ 和$t = 10000$ 时密度分布情况, 显然此时传输不稳定; (a4)涡旋拓扑荷数的扰动值$m = 0, 1, 2, 3$ 时不稳定增长率$\lambda $ 的实部和虚部的关系图; (b1)—(b3)$ N = 1500 $ 时,${\varPhi _1}$ 分量传输到$t = 0$ ,$t = 5200$ 和$t = 10000$ 时密度分布情况, 显然此时传输稳定; (b4)涡旋拓扑荷数的扰动值$m = 0, 1, 2, 3$ 时不稳定增长率$\lambda $ 的实部和虚部的关系图Figure 3. (a1)–(a3) The density pattern of the
${\varPhi _1}$ component with$N = 300$ and$t = 0, 7300, 10000$ , which is obviously unstable; (a4) perturbation eigenvalues for the corresponding hidden vortices of QDs with$N = 300$ and${S_{1, 2}} = \pm 1$ for different azimuthal index$m = 0, 1, 2, 3$ ; (b1)–(b3) the density pattern of the${\varPhi _1}$ component with$ N = 1500 $ and$t = 0, 5200, 10000$ ; (b4) perturbation eigenvalues for the corresponding hidden vortices of QDs with$N = 1500$ and${S_{1, 2}} = \pm 1$ for different azimuthal index$m = 0, 1, 2, 3$ .图 4 嵌套涡旋的典型例子 (a1)—(a3)
$N = {\text{800}}, {S_{1, {\text{2}}}} = \pm 1$ 和$N = {\text{30000}}, {S_{1, 2}} = \pm 4$ 嵌套形成的嵌套涡旋量子液滴; (a4) 液滴传输到$t = 10000$ 时的相位分布; (b1)—(b3)$N = {\text{800}}, {S_{1, {\text{2}}}} = \pm 1$ 和$N = {\text{26000}}, {S_{1, 2}} = \pm 4$ 嵌套形成的嵌套涡旋量子液滴; (b4) 液滴传输到$t = 4500$ 时的相位分布; (c1)—(c3)$N = {\text{800}}, {S_{1, {\text{2}}}} = \pm 1$ 和$N = {\text{30000}}, {S_{1, 2}} = \mp 4$ 嵌套形成的嵌套涡旋量子液滴; (c4) 液滴传输到$t = 10000$ 时的相位分布; (d1)—(d3)$N = {\text{800}}, {S_{1, {\text{2}}}} = \pm 1$ 和$N = {\text{26000}}, {S_{1, 2}} = \mp 4$ 嵌套形成的嵌套涡旋量子液滴; (d4) 液滴传输到$t = 6400$ 时的相位分布Figure 4. Typical examples of the nested vortex QDs: (a1)—(a3) The hidden vortices of QDs with
$(N, {S_{1, 2}}) = (800, \pm 1)$ nests inside$(N, {S_{1, 2}}) = (30000, \pm 4)$ , which has a larger inner radius; (a4)output pattern of the phase structure for the nested hidden vortices of QDs at$t = 10000$ ; (b1)–(b3) the hidden vortices of QDs with$(N, {S_{1, 2}}) = (800, \pm 1)$ nests inside$(N, {S_{1, 2}}) = (26000, \pm 4)$ ; (b4) output pattern of the phase structure for the nested hidden vortices of QDs at$t = 4500$ ; (c1)–(c3) the hidden vortices of QDs with$(N, {S_{1, 2}}) = (800, \pm 1)$ nests inside$(N, {S_{1, 2}}) = (30000, \mp 4)$ ; (c4) output pattern of the phase structure for the nested hidden vortices of QDs at$t = 10000$ ; (d1)–(d3) the hidden vortices of QDs with$(N, {S_{1, 2}}) = (800, \pm 1)$ nests inside$(N, {S_{1, 2}}) = (26000, \mp 4)$ ; (d4) output pattern of the phase structure for the nested hidden vortices of QDs at$t = 6400$ . -
[1] Xu Y, Zhang Y P, Wu B 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 013614Google Scholar
[2] Han W, Zhang X F, Wang D S, Jiang H F, Zhang W, Zhang S G 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 030404Google Scholar
[3] Zhang Y C, Zhou Z W, Malomed B A, Pu H 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 253902Google Scholar
[4] 何章明, 张志强, 朱善华, 柳闻鹃 2014 物理学报 63 190502Google Scholar
He Z M, Zhang Z Q, Zhu S H, Liu W J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 190502Google Scholar
[5] 郭慧, 王雅君, 王林雪, 张晓斐 2020 物理学报 69 010302Google Scholar
Guo H, Wang Y J, Wang L X, Zhang X F 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 010302Google Scholar
[6] 文林, 梁毅, 周晶, 余鹏, 夏雷, 牛连斌, 张晓斐 2019 物理学报 68 080301Google Scholar
Wen L, Liang Y, Zhou J, Yu P, Xia L, Niu L B, Zhang X F 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 080301Google Scholar
[7] Zhang R F, Zhang X F, Li L 2019 Phys. Lett. A 383 231Google Scholar
[8] Zhang R F, Zhang Y P, Li L 2019 Phys. Lett. A 383 3175Google Scholar
[9] 贾瑞煜, 方乒乒, 高超, 林机 2021 物理学报 70 180303Google Scholar
Jia R Y, Fang P P, Gao C, Lin J 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 180303Google Scholar
[10] 陈海军, 李向富 2013 物理学报 62 070302Google Scholar
Chen H J, Li X F 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 070302Google Scholar
[11] Li Y E, Xue J K 2016 Chin. Phys. Lett. 33 100502Google Scholar
[12] 周嘉仪, 李画眉 2014 浙江师范大学学报 38 303
Zhou J Y, Li H M 2014 J. Zhejiang Normal Univ. 38 303
[13] 唐娜, 杨雪滢, 宋琳, 张娟, 李晓霖, 周志坤, 石玉仁 2020 物理学报 69 010301Google Scholar
Tang N, Yang X Y, Song L, Zhang J, Li X L, Zhou Z K, Shi Y R 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 010301Google Scholar
[14] Wen L, Sun Q, Wang H Q, Ji A C, Liu W M 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 043602Google Scholar
[15] Wang L X, Dai C Q, Wen L, Liu T, Jiang H F, Saito H, Zhang Sh G, Zhang X F 2018 Phys. Rev. A 97 063607Google Scholar
[16] Peng P, Li G Q, Zhao L C, Yang W L, Yang Z Y 2019 Phys. Lett. A 383 2883Google Scholar
[17] Segev M, Valley G C, Crosignani B, DiPorto P, Yariv A 1994 Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 3211Google Scholar
[18] Huang J S, Jiang X D, Chen H Y, Fan Z W, Pang W, Li Y Y 2015 Front. Phys. 10 100507
[19] Maucher F, Henkel N, Saffman M, Królikowski W, Skupin S, Pohl T 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 170401Google Scholar
[20] Wang Y Y, Chen L, Dai C Q, Zheng J, Fan Y 2017 Nonlinear Dyn. 90 1269Google Scholar
[21] Dai C Q, Chen R P, Wang Y Y, Fan Y 2017 Nonlinear Dyn. 87 1675Google Scholar
[22] Chen Y X, Zheng L H, Xu F Q 2018 Nonlinear Dyn. 93 2379Google Scholar
[23] Li J T, Zhu Y, Han J Z, Qin W, Dai C Q, Wang S H 2018 Nonlinear Dyn. 91 757Google Scholar
[24] Chen X W, Deng Z G, Xu X X, Li S L, Fan Z W, Chen Z P, Liu B, Li Y Y 2020 Nonlinear Dyn. 101 569Google Scholar
[25] Ye Z J, Chen Y X, Zheng Y Y, Chen X W, Liu B 2020 Chaos Solitons Fractals 130 109418Google Scholar
[26] Liu B, Zhong R X, Chen Z P, Qin X Z, Zhong H H, Li Y Y, Malomed B A 2020 New J. Phys. 22 043004Google Scholar
[27] Li Y Y, Luo Z H, Liu Y, Chen Z P, Huang C Q, Fu S H, Tan H S, Malomed B A 2017 New J. Phys. 19 113043Google Scholar
[28] Hu X H, Zhang X F, Zhao D, Luo H G, Liu W M 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 023619Google Scholar
[29] 李吉, 刘斌, 白晶, 王寰宇, 何天琛 2020 物理学报 69 140301Google Scholar
Li J, Liu B, Bai J, Wang H Y, He T C 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 140301Google Scholar
[30] 陈海军, 任元, 王华 2022 物理学报 71 056701Google Scholar
Chen H J, Ren Y, Wang H 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 056701Google Scholar
[31] Schmitt M, Wenzel M, Böttcher F, Ferrier-Barbut I, Pfau T 2016 Nature 539 259Google Scholar
[32] Cabrera C R, Tanzi L, Sanz J, Naylor B, Thomas P, Cheiney P, Tarruell L 2018 Science 359 301Google Scholar
[33] Lee T D, Huang K, Yang C N 1957 Phys. Rev. 106 1135Google Scholar
[34] Tylutki M, Astrakharchik G E, Malomed B A, Petrov D S 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 051601Google Scholar
[35] Boudjemâa A 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 033612Google Scholar
[36] Hu H, Liu X J 2020 Phys. Rev. A 102 043302Google Scholar
[37] Pylak M, Gampel F, Płodzień M, Gajda M 2022 Phys. Rev. Res. 4 013168Google Scholar
[38] Parisi L, Giorgini S 2020 Phys. Rev. A 102 023318Google Scholar
[39] Bisset R N, Peña Ardila L A, Santos L 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 025301Google Scholar
[40] Zin P, Pylak M, Gajda M 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 013312Google Scholar
[41] Ferrier-Barbut I, Wenzel M, Böttcher F, Langen T, Isoard M, Stringari S, Pfau T 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 160402Google Scholar
[42] Kartashov Y V, Malomed B A, Torner L 2020 Phys. Rev. Res. 2 033522Google Scholar
[43] Otajonov S R, Tsoy E N, Abdullaev F K 2020 Phys. Rev. E 102 062217
[44] Luo Z H, Pang W, Liu B, Li Y Y, Malomed B A 2021 Front. Phys. 16 32201Google Scholar
[45] Liu B, Zhang H F, Zhong R X, Zhang X L, Qin X Z, Huang C Q, Li Y Y, Malomed B A 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 053602Google Scholar
[46] Zhao F Y, Yan Z T, Cai X Y, Li C L, Chen G L, He H X, Liu B, Li Y Y 2021 Chaos Solitons Fractals 152 111313Google Scholar
[47] Huang H, Wang H C, Chen M, Lim C S, Wong K C 2022 Chaos Solitons Fractals 158 112079Google Scholar
[48] Guo M Y, Pfau T 2021 Front. Phys. 16 32202Google Scholar
[49] Malomed B A 2021 Front. Phys. 16 22504Google Scholar
[50] Cui X L 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 023630Google Scholar
[51] Wang Y Q, Guo L F, Yi S, Shi T 2020 Phys. Rev. Res. 2 043074Google Scholar
[52] Guo Z C, Jia F, Li L T, Ma Y F, Hutson J M, Cui X L, Wang D J 2021 Phys. Rev. Res. 3 033247
[53] Dong L W, Kartashov Y V 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 244101Google Scholar
[54] Zhang X L, Xu X X, Zheng Y Y, Chen Zh P, Liu B, Huang Ch Q, Malomed B A, Li Y Y 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 133901Google Scholar
[55] Zhou Z, Yu X, Zou Y, Zhong H H 2019 Commun. Nonlinear. Sci. Numer. Simulat. 78 104881
[56] Dong L W, Qi W, Peng P, Wang L X, Zhou H, Huang Ch. M 2020 Nonlinear Dyn. 102 303Google Scholar
[57] Zheng Y Y, Chen S T, Huang Z P, Dai Sh X, Liu B, Li Y Y, Wang S R 2021 Front. Phys. 16 22501Google Scholar
[58] Li Y Y, Chen Z P, Luo Z H, Huang C Q, Tan H S, Pang W, Malomed B A 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 063602Google Scholar
[59] Kartashov Y V, Malomed B A, Tarruell L, Torner L 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 013612Google Scholar
[60] Lin Z D, Xu X X, Chen Z K, Yan Z T, Mai Z J, Liu B 2021 Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat. 93 105536Google Scholar
[61] Semeghini G, Ferioli G, Masi L, Mazzinghi C, Wolswijk L, Minardi F, Modugno M, Modugno G, Inguscio M, Fattori M 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 235301Google Scholar
[62] Mihalache D, Mazilu D, Malomed B A, Lederer F 2006 Phys. Rev. A 73 043615Google Scholar
[63] Dror N, Malomed B A 2011 Physica D 240 526Google Scholar
[64] Yang J K, Lakoba T I 2008 Stud. Appl. Math. 120 265Google Scholar
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