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For the development of high performance magnetic devices, inducing magnetism in non-magnetic materials and flexibly regulating their magneto-electronic properties are very important. According to the density functional theory (DFT), we systematically study the structural stability, magneto-electronic properties, carrier mobility and strain effect for each of armchair arsenene nanotubes doped with non-metallic atoms X (X = B, N, P, Si, Se, Te). The calculated binding energy and formation energy confirm that the geometric stability of AsANT-X is high. With non-metal doping, each of AsANT-X (X = B, N, P) acts as a non-magnetic semiconductor, while each of AsANT-X (X = Si, Se, Te) behaves as a bipolar magnetic semiconductor, caused by the unpaired electrons occurring between X and As. Furthermore, by doping, the carrier mobility of AsANT-X can be flexibly moved to a wide region, and the carrier polarity and spin polarity in mobility can be observed as well. Especially, AsANT-Si can realize a transition among bipolar magnetic semiconductor, half-semiconductor, magnetic metal, and non-magnetic metal by applying strain, which is useful for designing a mechanical switch to control spin-polarized transport that can reversibly work between magnetism and demagnetism only by applying strain. This study provides a new way for the application of arsenene.
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Keywords:
- armchair arenene nanotube /
- non-metallic doping /
- magneto-electronic properties /
- carrier mobility /
- strain effect
[1] Han L, Neal A T, Zhen Z, Zhe L, Xu X, David T, Ye P D 2014 ACS Nano 8 4033Google Scholar
[2] Zhang S, Yan Z, Li Y, Chen Z, Zeng H 2015 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 127 3155Google Scholar
[3] Kamal C, Ezawa M 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 085423Google Scholar
[4] Kecik D, Durgun E, Ciraci S 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 205410Google Scholar
[5] Zhang S L, Xie M Q, Li F Y, Yan Z, Li Y F, Kan E, Liu W, Chen Z F, Zeng H B 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 1666Google Scholar
[6] Zhu Z, Guan J, Tomanek D 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 161404Google Scholar
[7] Tsai H S, Wang S W, Hsiao C H, Chen C W, Ouyang H, Chueh Y L, Kuo H C, Liang J H 2016 Chem. Mater. 28 425Google Scholar
[8] Gusmao R, Sofer Z, Bousa D, Pumera M 2017 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 56 14417Google Scholar
[9] Qi M, Dai S, Wu P 2020 J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 32 085802Google Scholar
[10] Bai M, Zhang W X, He C 2017 J. Solid State Chem. 251 1Google Scholar
[11] Du J, Xia C, An Y, Wang T, Jia Y 2016 J. Mater. Sci. 51 9504Google Scholar
[12] Sun M L, Wang S K, Du Y H, Yu J, Tang W C 2016 Appl. Surf. Sci. 389 594Google Scholar
[13] Liu M, Chen Q, Huang Y, Cao C, He Y 2016 Superlattices Microstruct. 100 131Google Scholar
[14] Han J N, Zhang Z H, Fan Z, Zhou R 2020 Nanotechnology 31 315206Google Scholar
[15] Liu M Y, Chen Q Y, Huang Y, Li Z Y, Cao C, He Y 2018 Nanotechnology 29 095203Google Scholar
[16] Li G, Zhao Y, Zeng S, Ni J 2016 Appl. Surf. Sci. 390 60Google Scholar
[17] Li Z J, Xu W, Yu Y Q, Du H Y, Zhen K, Wang J, Luo L B, Qiu H L, Yang X B 2016 J. Mater. Chem. C 4 362Google Scholar
[18] Ersan F, Aktűrk E, Ciraci S 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 120 14345Google Scholar
[19] Iordanidou K, Kioseoglou J, Afanas’ev V V 2017 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19 9862Google Scholar
[20] Sun X T, Liu Y X, Song Z G, Wang X, Cheng Y 2017 J. Mater. Chem. C 5 4159Google Scholar
[21] Song Y, Li D, Mi W B, Wang X C, Cheng Y C 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 120 5613Google Scholar
[22] Xia C X, Xue B, Wang T X, Peng Y T, Jia Y 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 193107Google Scholar
[23] Lee Y, Bae S, Jang H, Jang S, Zhu S E, Sim S H, Song Y I, Hong B H, Ahn J H 2010 Nano Lett. 10 490Google Scholar
[24] Bae S K, Kim H K, Lee Y B, Xu F, Iijima S 2010 Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 574Google Scholar
[25] Saito R, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus M S 1999 Sci. World. J. 54 832Google Scholar
[26] Rubio A, Corkill J L, Cohen M L 1994 Phys. Rev. B 49 5081Google Scholar
[27] Blase X, Rubio A, Louie S G, Cohen M L 1995 Phys. Rev. B 51 6868Google Scholar
[28] Yu S, Zhu H, Eshun K, Arab A, Badwan A, Li Q A 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 164306Google Scholar
[29] Kuang W, Hu R, Fan Z Q, Zhang Z H 2019 Nanotechnology 30 145201Google Scholar
[30] Santos E J G, Sánchez-Portal D, Ayuela A 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 125433Google Scholar
[31] Han J N, He X, Fan Z Q, Zhang Z H 2019 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 21 1830Google Scholar
[32] Wang D, Zhang Z H, Deng X Q, Fan Z Q, Tang G P 2016 Carbon 98 204Google Scholar
[33] Fan Z Q, Zhang Z H, Ming Q, Zhang Z H 2012 Comp. Mater. Sci. 53 294Google Scholar
[34] Zhang H, Zhou W, Yang Z, Zhang Z H 2017 Mater. Res. Express 4 126301Google Scholar
[35] Liu J, Zhang Z H, Deng X Q, Zhang Z H 2015 Org. Electron. 18 135Google Scholar
[36] Bardeen J, Shockley W 1950 Phys. Rev. 80 72Google Scholar
[37] Zhang Z H, Guo C, Kwong D J, Li J, Deng X, Fan Z Q 2013 Adv. Funct. Mater. 23 2765Google Scholar
[38] Pan J B, Zhang Z H, Deng X Q, Qiu M, Guo C 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 013503Google Scholar
[39] Zhang Z H, Deng X Q, Tan X Q, Qiu M, Pan J B 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 183105Google Scholar
[40] Gao Y, Cheng Z, Wen M, Zhang X, Wu F, Dong H, Zhang G 2021 Nanotechnology 32 245702Google Scholar
[41] Wang D, Chen, L, Shi C, Wang X, Cui G, Zhang P, Chen Y 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 28487Google Scholar
[42] Rodríguez-Manzo J A, Cretu O, Banhart F 2010 ACS Nano 4 3422Google Scholar
[43] He Z, He K, Robertson A W, Kirkland A I, Kim D, Ihm J, Yoon E, Lee G D, Warner J H 2014 Nano Lett. 14 3766Google Scholar
[44] Kunstmann J, Özdoğan C, Quandt A, Fehske H 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 045414Google Scholar
[45] Li X, Wu X, Yang J 2014 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 5664Google Scholar
[46] Yagi Y, Briere T M, Sluiter M H F, Kumar V, Farajian A A, Kawazoe Y 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 075414Google Scholar
[47] Beleznay F B, Bogár F, Ladik J 2003 J Chem. Phys. 119 5690Google Scholar
[48] Cai Y, Zhang G, Zhang Y W 2014 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 6269Google Scholar
[49] Zhang X, Zhao X D, Wu D H, Jing Y, Zhou Z 2015 Nanoscale 7 16020Google Scholar
[50] Hu R, Li Y H, Zhang Z H, Fan Z Q, Sun L 2019 J. Mater. Chem. C 7 7745Google Scholar
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图 1 β-As的几何结构 (a) 2D砷烯的主视图和边视图; (b)本征单壁扶手椅型砷烯纳米管结构的顶视图和边视图; (c)本征砷纳米管的能带结构; (d)非金属原子 (B, N, P, Si, Se, Te) 取代性掺杂后单壁扶手椅型砷烯纳米管的顶视图和边视图和掺杂部分的局部放大图. As1, As2和As3为与杂质原子相连的3个内层As原子, d1, d2和d3为杂质原子和As1, As2, As3相连的键长
Figure 1. Geometry structure of β-As: (a) Top and side views of 2D bucked arsenene; (b) top and side views of an arsenic armchair nanotube; (c) band structure of an intrinsic arsenic armchair nanotube; (d) top, side views of hybridized arsenene armchair nanotube substitutionally doped with non-metallic atoms (B, N, P, Si, Se, Te) in outermost atom layer and partial enlarged details. As1, As2 and As3 are three inner-layer arsenene atoms bonded to non-metallic atom, and d1, d2 and d3 are the bonds length between non-metallic atom and As1, As2, As3, respectively.
图 3 等值面为0.02 eV/Å3时, 纳米管在FM状态下计算的自旋极化密度(磁空间分布) (a) AsANT-B; (b) AsANT-N; (c) AsANT-P; (d) AsANT-Si; (e) AsANT-Se; (f) AsANT-Te
Figure 3. Calculated spin polarized density (magnetic spatial distribution) for nanotube in FM state, where the isosurface is set to 0.02 eV/Å3: (a) AsANT-B; (b) AsANT-N; (c) AsANT-P; (d) AsANT-Si; (e) AsANT-Se; (f) AsANT-Te.
图 4 纳米管的能带、态密度及投影态密度图, 其中投影态密度投影在杂质原子上 (a) AsANT-B; (b) AsANT-N; (c) AsANT-P; (d) AsANT-Si; (e) AsANT-Se; (f) AsANT-Te
Figure 4. Band structure and the DOS/PDOS for nanotube, and the orbital PDOS is projected on the impurity atom: (a) AsANT-B; (b) AsANT-N; (c) AsANT-P; (d) AsANT-Si; (e) AsANT-Se; (f) AsANT-Te.
图 6 应变调控效应 (a) 对AsANT-Si施加应力示意图; (b)—(d) 铁磁态下AsANT-Si的能带结构(b), 应变能和磁化能(c), 磁矩与应变(d)的关系
Figure 6. Strain tuning effects: (a) Schematic for AsANT-Si applied by stretching strain; (b)–(d) band structures (b), strain energy and magnetic energy (c), and magnetic moment versus strain (d) for AsANT-Si in the FM state.
图 7 铁磁态下AsANT-Si不同因素随应变的变化, 其中θ1, θ2, θ3分别为d1与d2, d2与d3, d1与d3之间的夹角, 等值面设置为 0.02 eV/Å3 (a) 电荷转移; (b) 键长变化; (c) 键角变化; (d) 自旋极化电荷密度(磁空间分布)
Figure 7. Changes of AsANT-Si factors with strain in ferromagnetic state, where θ1, θ2, θ3 are the angles between d1 and d2, d2 and d3, and d1 and d3, respectively, and the isosurface is set to 0.02 eV/Å3: (a) Charge transfer; (b) bond length; (c) change of bond angles; (d) spin polarized density (magnetic spatial distribution).
表 1 AsANT-X的结合能Eb, 形成能Ef, 键长d1, d2和d3及磁相. BMSC和NMS分别表示双极化磁性、无磁半导体
Table 1. Binding energy Eb, formation energy Ef, and bond lengths d1, d2 and d3, and magnetic phases of AsANT-X. BMSC and NMS indicate bipolar magnetic semiconductor and non-magnetic semiconductor, respectively.
结构 Eb/(eV/原子) Ef/(eV/原子) d1, d2, d3/Å 类型 AsANT-B –5.248 –0.004 2.055, 2.046, 2.055 NMS AsANT-N –5.279 –0.035 2.043, 2.043, 2.043 NMS AsANT-P –5.256 –0.012 2.421, 2.419, 2.422 NMS AsANT-Si –5.210 0.032 2.413, 2.424, 2.412 BMSC AsANT-Se –5.167 0.075 2.785, 2.503, 2.784 BMSC AsANT-Te –5.170 0.074 2.857, 2.638, 2.855 BMSC 表 2 AsANT-X (X = Si, Se和Te)的磁矩M, 磁化能EM, 磁交换能Eex及磁相
Table 2. Magnetic moment M, the magnetized energy EM, the magnetic exchange energy Eex and the magnetic phase for AsANT-X (X = Si, Se and Te).
Structure AsANT-Si AsANT-Se AsANT-Te M/μB X 0.502 0.368 0.310 As1 0.108 0.177 0.128 As2 0.104 –0.006 0.003 As3 0.108 0.174 0.126 Total 1.000 0.994 0.777 EM/meV 51.48 56.40 1.93 Eex/meV 20.92 56.40 1.89 磁相 BMSC BMSC BMSC -
[1] Han L, Neal A T, Zhen Z, Zhe L, Xu X, David T, Ye P D 2014 ACS Nano 8 4033Google Scholar
[2] Zhang S, Yan Z, Li Y, Chen Z, Zeng H 2015 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 127 3155Google Scholar
[3] Kamal C, Ezawa M 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 085423Google Scholar
[4] Kecik D, Durgun E, Ciraci S 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 205410Google Scholar
[5] Zhang S L, Xie M Q, Li F Y, Yan Z, Li Y F, Kan E, Liu W, Chen Z F, Zeng H B 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 1666Google Scholar
[6] Zhu Z, Guan J, Tomanek D 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 161404Google Scholar
[7] Tsai H S, Wang S W, Hsiao C H, Chen C W, Ouyang H, Chueh Y L, Kuo H C, Liang J H 2016 Chem. Mater. 28 425Google Scholar
[8] Gusmao R, Sofer Z, Bousa D, Pumera M 2017 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 56 14417Google Scholar
[9] Qi M, Dai S, Wu P 2020 J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 32 085802Google Scholar
[10] Bai M, Zhang W X, He C 2017 J. Solid State Chem. 251 1Google Scholar
[11] Du J, Xia C, An Y, Wang T, Jia Y 2016 J. Mater. Sci. 51 9504Google Scholar
[12] Sun M L, Wang S K, Du Y H, Yu J, Tang W C 2016 Appl. Surf. Sci. 389 594Google Scholar
[13] Liu M, Chen Q, Huang Y, Cao C, He Y 2016 Superlattices Microstruct. 100 131Google Scholar
[14] Han J N, Zhang Z H, Fan Z, Zhou R 2020 Nanotechnology 31 315206Google Scholar
[15] Liu M Y, Chen Q Y, Huang Y, Li Z Y, Cao C, He Y 2018 Nanotechnology 29 095203Google Scholar
[16] Li G, Zhao Y, Zeng S, Ni J 2016 Appl. Surf. Sci. 390 60Google Scholar
[17] Li Z J, Xu W, Yu Y Q, Du H Y, Zhen K, Wang J, Luo L B, Qiu H L, Yang X B 2016 J. Mater. Chem. C 4 362Google Scholar
[18] Ersan F, Aktűrk E, Ciraci S 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 120 14345Google Scholar
[19] Iordanidou K, Kioseoglou J, Afanas’ev V V 2017 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19 9862Google Scholar
[20] Sun X T, Liu Y X, Song Z G, Wang X, Cheng Y 2017 J. Mater. Chem. C 5 4159Google Scholar
[21] Song Y, Li D, Mi W B, Wang X C, Cheng Y C 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 120 5613Google Scholar
[22] Xia C X, Xue B, Wang T X, Peng Y T, Jia Y 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 193107Google Scholar
[23] Lee Y, Bae S, Jang H, Jang S, Zhu S E, Sim S H, Song Y I, Hong B H, Ahn J H 2010 Nano Lett. 10 490Google Scholar
[24] Bae S K, Kim H K, Lee Y B, Xu F, Iijima S 2010 Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 574Google Scholar
[25] Saito R, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus M S 1999 Sci. World. J. 54 832Google Scholar
[26] Rubio A, Corkill J L, Cohen M L 1994 Phys. Rev. B 49 5081Google Scholar
[27] Blase X, Rubio A, Louie S G, Cohen M L 1995 Phys. Rev. B 51 6868Google Scholar
[28] Yu S, Zhu H, Eshun K, Arab A, Badwan A, Li Q A 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 164306Google Scholar
[29] Kuang W, Hu R, Fan Z Q, Zhang Z H 2019 Nanotechnology 30 145201Google Scholar
[30] Santos E J G, Sánchez-Portal D, Ayuela A 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 125433Google Scholar
[31] Han J N, He X, Fan Z Q, Zhang Z H 2019 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 21 1830Google Scholar
[32] Wang D, Zhang Z H, Deng X Q, Fan Z Q, Tang G P 2016 Carbon 98 204Google Scholar
[33] Fan Z Q, Zhang Z H, Ming Q, Zhang Z H 2012 Comp. Mater. Sci. 53 294Google Scholar
[34] Zhang H, Zhou W, Yang Z, Zhang Z H 2017 Mater. Res. Express 4 126301Google Scholar
[35] Liu J, Zhang Z H, Deng X Q, Zhang Z H 2015 Org. Electron. 18 135Google Scholar
[36] Bardeen J, Shockley W 1950 Phys. Rev. 80 72Google Scholar
[37] Zhang Z H, Guo C, Kwong D J, Li J, Deng X, Fan Z Q 2013 Adv. Funct. Mater. 23 2765Google Scholar
[38] Pan J B, Zhang Z H, Deng X Q, Qiu M, Guo C 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 013503Google Scholar
[39] Zhang Z H, Deng X Q, Tan X Q, Qiu M, Pan J B 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 183105Google Scholar
[40] Gao Y, Cheng Z, Wen M, Zhang X, Wu F, Dong H, Zhang G 2021 Nanotechnology 32 245702Google Scholar
[41] Wang D, Chen, L, Shi C, Wang X, Cui G, Zhang P, Chen Y 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 28487Google Scholar
[42] Rodríguez-Manzo J A, Cretu O, Banhart F 2010 ACS Nano 4 3422Google Scholar
[43] He Z, He K, Robertson A W, Kirkland A I, Kim D, Ihm J, Yoon E, Lee G D, Warner J H 2014 Nano Lett. 14 3766Google Scholar
[44] Kunstmann J, Özdoğan C, Quandt A, Fehske H 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 045414Google Scholar
[45] Li X, Wu X, Yang J 2014 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 5664Google Scholar
[46] Yagi Y, Briere T M, Sluiter M H F, Kumar V, Farajian A A, Kawazoe Y 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 075414Google Scholar
[47] Beleznay F B, Bogár F, Ladik J 2003 J Chem. Phys. 119 5690Google Scholar
[48] Cai Y, Zhang G, Zhang Y W 2014 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 6269Google Scholar
[49] Zhang X, Zhao X D, Wu D H, Jing Y, Zhou Z 2015 Nanoscale 7 16020Google Scholar
[50] Hu R, Li Y H, Zhang Z H, Fan Z Q, Sun L 2019 J. Mater. Chem. C 7 7745Google Scholar
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