Orbital angular momentum mode femtosecond fiber laser with over 100 MHz repetition rate

Wu Hang; Chen Liao; Li Shuai; Du Yu-Fan; Zhang Chi; Zhang Xin-Liang

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20231085

Abstract

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) lasers have potential applications in large capacity communication systems, laser processing, particle manipulation and quantum optics. OAM mode femtosecond fiber laser has become the research focus due to the advantages of simple structure, low cost and high peak power. At present, OAM mode femtosecond fiber lasers have made some breakthroughs in key parameters such as repetition frequency, pulse width, spectrum width, but it is difficult to achieve good overall performance. Besides, the repetition rate is tens of MHz at present. In this paper, a large-bandwidth mode coupler is made based on the mode phase matching principle. In coupler, the first order mode coupler with 3 dB polarization dependent loss is made by the technology of strong fused biconical taper, and the second order mode coupler with 0.3 dB polarization dependent loss is made by the technology of weak fused biconical taper. By combining the nonlinear polarization rotation mode-locking mechanism, OAM mode femtosecond fiber laser with over 100 MHz repetition rate is built. The achievement of the key parameters is attributed to the selection of dispersion shifted fibers that can accurately adjust intracavity dispersion. Comparing with traditional dispersion compensation fibers (DCF), the group velocity dispersion is reduced by an order of magnitude, so it can better adjust intracavity dispersion to achieve the indexes of large spectral bandwidth and narrow pulse width. In addition, the diameter of the fiber is 8 μm, which is the same as that of a single mode fiber. Comparing with DCF, the fusion loss can be ignored, so only a shorter gain Erbium-doped fiber is required, which ensures a shorter overall cavity length and achieves high repetition frequency. The experimental results show that the first order OAM mode fiber laser has 113.6 MHz repetition rate, 98 fs half-height full pulse width, and 101 nm 10 dB bandwidth. Second-order OAM mode fiber laser has 114.9 MHz repetition rate, 60 fs half-height full pulse width, and 100 nm 10 dB bandwidth. Compared with the reported schemes, our scheme has good performance in key parameters such as repetition rate, pulse width and spectral width. We believe that the OAM mode fiber laser with excellent performance is expected to be widely used in OAM communication, particle manipulation and other research fields.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

Corresponding author: Chen Liao, liaochenchina@hust.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61505060, 61631166003, 61675081, 61735006, 61927817).

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References

[1]	Allen L, Beijersbergen M W, Spreeuw R J C, Woerdman J P 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 8185 Google Scholar
[2]	Wen Y, Chremmos I, Chen Y, Zhu G, Zhang J, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yu S 2020 Optica 7 254 Google Scholar
[3]	Leach J, Jack B, Romero J, Jha A K, Yao A M, Frank-Arnold S, Ireland D G, Boyd R W, Barnett S M, Padgett M J 2010 Science 329 662 Google Scholar
[4]	Grier D 2003 Nature 424 810 Google Scholar
[5]	Beijersbergen M W, Coerwinkel R P C, Kristensen M, Woerdman J P 1994 Opt. Commun. 112 321 Google Scholar
[6]	Poynting J H 1909 Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 82 560 Google Scholar
[7]	Marrucci L, Karimi E, Slussarenko S, Piccirillo B, Santamato E, Nagali E, Sciarrino, F 2011 J. Opt. 13 064001 Google Scholar
[8]	Zhao Z, Wang J, Li S, Willner A E 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 932 Google Scholar
[9]	Chen Y, Fang Z X, Ren Y X, Gong L, Lu R D 2015 Appl. Opt. 54 8030 Google Scholar
[10]	Li S, Mo Q, Hu X, Du C, Wang J 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 4376 Google Scholar
[11]	Zhang W, Wei K, Huang L, Mao D, Jiang B, Gao F, Zhao J 2016 Opt. Express 24 19278 Google Scholar
[12]	Shao L, Liu S, Zhou M, Huang Z, Bao W, Bai Z, Wang Y 2021 Opt. Express 29 43371 Google Scholar
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[14]	Han Y, Liu Y G, Wang Z, Huang W, Chen L, Zhang H W, Yang K 2018 Nanophotonics 7 287 Google Scholar
[15]	Wu H, Gao S, Huang B, Feng Y, Huang X, Liu W, Li Z 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 5210 Google Scholar
[16]	Detani T, Zhao H, Wang P, Suzuki T, Li H 2021 Opt. Lett. 46 949 Google Scholar
[17]	He X, Tu J, Wu X, Gao S, Shen L, Hao C, Li Z 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 3621 Google Scholar
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[26]	Zhang Z, Wei W, Tang L, Yang J, Guo J, Ding L, Li Y 2018 Chin. Opt. Lett. 16 110501 Google Scholar
[27]	Wang T, Wang F, Shi F, Pang F, Huang S, Wang T, Zeng X 2017 J. Lightwave Technol. 35 2161 Google Scholar
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[32]	Huang Y, Shi F, Wang T, Liu X, Zeng X, Pang F, Wang T, Zhou P 2018 Opt. Express 26 19171 Google Scholar
[33]	Tao R, Li H, Zhang Y, Yao P, Xu L, Gu C, Zhan Q 2020 Opt. Laser Technol. 123 105945 Google Scholar
[34]	Xiao R, Tu J, Li Wei, Gao S, Wen T, Du C, Zhou J, Zhang B, Liu W, Li Z 2022 Opt. Express 30 12605 Google Scholar
[35]	Jiang X, Yao J, Zhang S, Wang A, Zhan Q 2022 Appl. Phys. Lett. 121 131101 Google Scholar
[36]	Zhang W, Wei K, Mao D, Wang H, Gao F, Huang L, Mei T, Zhao J 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 454 Google Scholar
[37]	Lu J, Shi F, Meng L, Zhang L, Teng L, Luo Z, Yan P, Pang F, Zeng X 2020 Photonics Res. 8 1203 Google Scholar
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[39]	Xue X, Jiang Q, Pang F, Wen J, Chen W, Zeng X, Zhang L, Wei H, Wang T 2023 Opt. Express 31 24623 Google Scholar
[40]	Fu S, Zhai Y, Zhang J, Liu X, Song R, Zhou H, Gao C 2022 Adv. Photonics Nexus 1 016003

Cited By

图 1 模式耦合器示意图. SMF, 单模光纤; FMF, 少模光纤; RCF, 环芯光纤

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the mode coupler. SMF, single mode fiber, FMF, few mode fiber; RCF, ring core fiber.

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图 2 模式耦合器仿真图　(a), (b) 单模光纤中基模与特种光纤中的LP₁₁模式和LP₂₁模式之间能量分布随耦合长度z的变化; (c)—(e) LP₁₁模式耦合器的模场分布图在半个耦合周期内的变化; (f)—(h) LP₂₁模式耦合器的模场分布图在半个耦合周期内的变化

Figure 2. Simulation diagram of mode coupler: (a), (b) Change of energy distribution with coupling length z between fundamental mode in single-mode fiber and LP₁₁ mode and LP₂₁ mode in special fiber; (c)–(e) change of mode field distribution of LP₁₁ mode coupler during a coupling period; (f)–(h) change of the mode field distribution of the LP₂₁ mode coupler during a coupling period.

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图 3 (a) LP₁₁模式耦合器的相位匹配图; (b) LP₂₁模式耦合器的相位匹配图

Figure 3. (a) Phase-matching diagram of the LP₁₁ mode coupler; (b) phase-matching diagram of the LP₂₁ mode coupler.

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图 4 (a) LP₁₁模式耦合器中LP₁₁模式与基模相对功率比随波长的变化; (b) LP₂₁模式耦合器中LP₂₁模式与基模相对功率随波长的变化

Figure 4. (a) Relative power of LP₁₁ mode to fundamental mode in LP₁₁ mode coupler varies with wavelength; (b) relative power of LP₂₁ mode to fundamental mode in LP₂₁ mode coupler varies with wavelength.

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图 5 一阶OAM模式锁模激光器以及检测装置. OIM, 光学集成模块; EDF, 掺铒光纤; DSF, 色散位移光纤; SMF, 单模光纤; MSC, 模式选择耦合器; PC, 偏振控制器; ESA, 电谱仪; OSA, 光谱仪; OSC, 示波器; SLM, 空间光调制器; Obj, 物镜; Pol, 偏振器; HWP, 半波片; CCD, 电荷耦合元件

Figure 5. First-order OAM mode-locked laser and detector. OIM, optical integrated module, EDF, erbium-doped fiber; DSF, dispersion-shifted fiber; SMF, single-mode fiber; MSC, mode-selective coupler; PC, polarization controller; ESA, electrical spectrum analyzer; OSA, optical spectrum analyzer; OSC, oscilloscope; SLM, spatial light modulator; Obj, objective; POL, polarizer; HWP, half-wave plate; CCD, charge-coupled device.

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图 6 一阶OAM模式锁模激光器的指标检测　(a) 激光器输出光谱; (b) 电谱仪测量下的频率成分; (c) 激光器输出锁模脉冲序列; (d) 自相关仪测量的洛伦兹拟合脉冲

Figure 6. Target detection of the first-order OAM mode-locked laser: (a) Output optical spectrum of laser; (b) frequency component measured by electrical spectrum analyzer; (c) output mode-locked pulse sequence of laser; (d) Lorentz mode-locked pulse measured by autocorrelator.

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图 7 二阶OAM模式锁模激光器. OIM, 光学集成模块; EDF, 掺铒光纤; DSF, 色散位移光纤; SMF, 单模光纤; MSC, 模式选择耦合器; PC, 偏振控制器

Figure 7. Second-order OAM mode-locked laser and detector. OIM, optical integrated module; EDF, erbium-doped fiber; DSF, dispersion-shifted fiber; SMF, single-mode fiber; MSC, mode-selective coupler; PC, polarization controller.

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图 8 二阶OAM模式锁模激光器的指标检测　(a) 激光器输出光谱; (b) 电谱仪测量下的频率成分; (c) 激光器输出锁模脉冲序列; (d) 自相关仪检测的洛伦兹拟合脉冲

Figure 8. Target detection of the second-order OAM mode-locked laser: (a) Output optical spectrum of laser; (b) frequency component measured by electrical spectrum analyzer; (c) output mode-locked pulse sequence of laser; (d) Lorentz fitting pulse measured by autocorrelator.

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图 9 (a) 一阶OAM模式激光器输出功率与泵浦功率之间的函数关系; (b) 二阶OAM模式激光器输出功率与泵浦功率之间的函数关系

Figure 9. (a) Functional relationship between the output power of the first-order OAM-mode laser and the pump power; (b) functional relationship between the output power of the second-order OAM-mode laser and the pump power.

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图 10 一阶和二阶模式激光器输出模场　(a) ${\text{LP}}_{11}^{{\text{even}}}$模式; (b) ${\text{LP}}_{11}^{{\text{odd}}}$模式; (c) ${\text{LP}}_{21}^{{\text{even}}} $模式; (d) ${\text{LP}}_{21}^{{\text{odd}}}$模式; (e) OAM_–1模式; (f) OAM₊₁模式; (g) OAM_–2模式; (h) OAM₊₂模式; (i)—(l) 分别代表着图(e)—(h)经过空间光调制器上加载的柱透镜相位调制后衍射的模场

Figure 10. Output mode fields of first-order mode and second-order mode laser: (a) ${\text{LP}}_{11}^{{\text{even}}}$ mode; (b) ${\text{LP}}_{11}^{{\text{odd}}}$mode; (c) ${\text{LP}}_{21}^{{\text{even}}}$mode; (d) ${\text{LP}}_{21}^{{\text{odd}}}$mode; (e) OAM_–1 mode; (f) OAM₊₁ mode; (g) OAM_–2 mode; (h) OAM₊₂ mode; (i)–(l) represent the mode fields of panels (e)–(h) diffracted by the spatial light modulator loading phase of the cylindrical lens.

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表 1 当前其他激光器性能和指标与本文激光器的比较

Table 1. Performance and index of other lasers are compared with the laser in this paper.

参考文献/ 模式耦合器	工作机制	重复频率	中心波长/nm	输出光谱宽度/nm	输出脉宽	输出功率	模式
[31]/OSS	锁模	13.6 MHz	1550.5	0.34	6.87 ps	—	TE_01,TM₀₁
[27]/FBT	锁模	36.1 MHz	1547.4	56.5	273 fs	5.6 mW	OAM_±1
[27]/FBT	锁模	36.1 MHz	1545.0	67.6	140 fs	5.6 mW	OAM_±2
[32]/FBT	锁模	26 MHz	1045.0	14	—	75 mW	LP₁₁
				15.5		65 mW	LP₂₁
				18		16 mW	LP₀₂
[33]/LPFG	锁模	9.83 MHz	1030.0	5	168 ps	15 mW	CVB
[34]/LPFG	QSW	30.7 kHz	1548.2	0.4	5.2 μs	1.3 μW	OAM_±3
[35]/FBG	锁模	10.16 MHz	1549.4	0.08	52.87 ps	17.16 mW	OAM_0, OAM_±1
[36]/AIFG	锁模	4.835 MHz	1532.9	<0.1	400 ps	30 mW	OAM_±1
[37]/AIFG	锁模	25 MHz	1560.0	10	384 fs	—	OAM_±1
[38]/Space	锁模	33 MHz	1030.0	18	87 fs	108 mW	OAM_±1
本文/FBT	锁模	114 MHz	1550.0	101 100	98 fs	40 mW	OAM_±1
本文/FBT	锁模	115 MHz	1550.0	100	60 fs	4 mW	OAM_±2

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Allen L, Beijersbergen M W, Spreeuw R J C, Woerdman J P 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 8185 Google Scholar
[2]	Wen Y, Chremmos I, Chen Y, Zhu G, Zhang J, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yu S 2020 Optica 7 254 Google Scholar
[3]	Leach J, Jack B, Romero J, Jha A K, Yao A M, Frank-Arnold S, Ireland D G, Boyd R W, Barnett S M, Padgett M J 2010 Science 329 662 Google Scholar
[4]	Grier D 2003 Nature 424 810 Google Scholar
[5]	Beijersbergen M W, Coerwinkel R P C, Kristensen M, Woerdman J P 1994 Opt. Commun. 112 321 Google Scholar
[6]	Poynting J H 1909 Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 82 560 Google Scholar
[7]	Marrucci L, Karimi E, Slussarenko S, Piccirillo B, Santamato E, Nagali E, Sciarrino, F 2011 J. Opt. 13 064001 Google Scholar
[8]	Zhao Z, Wang J, Li S, Willner A E 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 932 Google Scholar
[9]	Chen Y, Fang Z X, Ren Y X, Gong L, Lu R D 2015 Appl. Opt. 54 8030 Google Scholar
[10]	Li S, Mo Q, Hu X, Du C, Wang J 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 4376 Google Scholar
[11]	Zhang W, Wei K, Huang L, Mao D, Jiang B, Gao F, Zhao J 2016 Opt. Express 24 19278 Google Scholar
[12]	Shao L, Liu S, Zhou M, Huang Z, Bao W, Bai Z, Wang Y 2021 Opt. Express 29 43371 Google Scholar
[13]	Li Y J, Jin L, Wu H, Gao S C, Feng Y H, Li Z H 2017 IEEE Photonics J. 9 7200909 Google Scholar
[14]	Han Y, Liu Y G, Wang Z, Huang W, Chen L, Zhang H W, Yang K 2018 Nanophotonics 7 287 Google Scholar
[15]	Wu H, Gao S, Huang B, Feng Y, Huang X, Liu W, Li Z 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 5210 Google Scholar
[16]	Detani T, Zhao H, Wang P, Suzuki T, Li H 2021 Opt. Lett. 46 949 Google Scholar
[17]	He X, Tu J, Wu X, Gao S, Shen L, Hao C, Li Z 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 3621 Google Scholar
[18]	Pidishety S, Khudus M I M A, Gregg P, Ramachandran S, Srinivasan B, Brambilla G 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) San Jose, CA, June 5–10, 2016 pSTu1F.2
[19]	Li J, Ueda K, Musha M, Zhong L, Shirakawa A 2008 Opt. Lett. 33 2686 Google Scholar
[20]	Lin D, Xia K, Li J, Li R, Ueda K, Li G, Li X 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2290 Google Scholar
[21]	Lin D, Xia K, Li R, Li X, Li G, Ueda K, Li J 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 3574 Google Scholar
[22]	Gui L, Wang C, Ding F, Chen H, Xiao X, Bozhevolnyi S, Zhang X, Xu K 2023 ACS Photonics 10 623
[23]	Zhou N, Liu J, Wang J 2018 Sci. Rep. 8 11394 Google Scholar
[24]	Zhao Y, Wang T, Mao C, Yan Z, Liu Y, Wang T 2018 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30 752 Google Scholar
[25]	Toyoda K, Miyamoto K, Aoki N, Morita R, Omatsu T 2012 Nano Lett. 12 3645 Google Scholar
[26]	Zhang Z, Wei W, Tang L, Yang J, Guo J, Ding L, Li Y 2018 Chin. Opt. Lett. 16 110501 Google Scholar
[27]	Wang T, Wang F, Shi F, Pang F, Huang S, Wang T, Zeng X 2017 J. Lightwave Technol. 35 2161 Google Scholar
[28]	Deng D, Zhan L, Gu Z, Gu Y, Xia Y 2009 Opt. Express 17 4284 Google Scholar
[29]	Park K, Song K, Kim Y, Lee J, Kim B 2016 Opt. Express 24 3543 Google Scholar
[30]	Zhou H, Dong J, Wang J, Li S, Cai X, Yu S, Zhang X 2017 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 29 86 Google Scholar
[31]	Mao D, Feng T, Zhang W, Lu H, Jiang Y, Li P, Jiang B, Sun Z, Zhao J 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 021107 Google Scholar
[32]	Huang Y, Shi F, Wang T, Liu X, Zeng X, Pang F, Wang T, Zhou P 2018 Opt. Express 26 19171 Google Scholar
[33]	Tao R, Li H, Zhang Y, Yao P, Xu L, Gu C, Zhan Q 2020 Opt. Laser Technol. 123 105945 Google Scholar
[34]	Xiao R, Tu J, Li Wei, Gao S, Wen T, Du C, Zhou J, Zhang B, Liu W, Li Z 2022 Opt. Express 30 12605 Google Scholar
[35]	Jiang X, Yao J, Zhang S, Wang A, Zhan Q 2022 Appl. Phys. Lett. 121 131101 Google Scholar
[36]	Zhang W, Wei K, Mao D, Wang H, Gao F, Huang L, Mei T, Zhao J 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 454 Google Scholar
[37]	Lu J, Shi F, Meng L, Zhang L, Teng L, Luo Z, Yan P, Pang F, Zeng X 2020 Photonics Res. 8 1203 Google Scholar
[38]	Hu H, Chen Z, Cao Q, Zhan Q 2023 IEEE Photonics J. 15 1 Google Scholar
[39]	Xue X, Jiang Q, Pang F, Wen J, Chen W, Zeng X, Zhang L, Wei H, Wang T 2023 Opt. Express 31 24623 Google Scholar
[40]	Fu S, Zhai Y, Zhang J, Liu X, Song R, Zhou H, Gao C 2022 Adv. Photonics Nexus 1 016003

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