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Due to its unique characteristics, metal tungsten has been selected as the wall material for the tokamak magnetic confinement fusion device. The wall material directly interacts with the plasma for a long time, thus causing tungsten atoms and ions to be sputtered and ionized into different charge states, which then enter the tokamak device as plasma impurities. To ensure stable plasma combustion conditions, highly complex model is currently being used to evaluate the behavior of tungsten impurities and their influence on the tokamak plasma. This requires various high-precision atomic data for tungsten atoms and different ionized states of tungsten ions. Electron collision ionization, as a fundamental atomic physical process, is widely encountered in laboratory and astrophysical plasma environments. The parameters such as electron collision ionization cross-sections and rate coefficients are crucial for plasma radiation transport simulations and state diagnostics. Electron-impact single-ionization (EISI) cross sections of the ground state and metastable state for W6+ ions are calculated by using the level-to-level distorted-wave (LLDW) method. The contributions of direct ionization (DI) cross section and excited autoionization (EA) cross section to the total EISI cross section are primarily considered. Comparison of our calculation results with the experimental data from Stenke et al. (Stenke M, Aichele K, Harthiramani D, Hofmann G, Steidl M, Volpel R, Salzborn E 1995 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 28 2711 ) reveals that the EISI cross section considering only the ground state is significantly smaller than the experimental result. Therefore, it is imperative to take into account the contribution from the metastable state. To determine the fraction of ions in long-lived energy levels within the parent ion beam, three models are employed.Our results, which include the contribution of metastable states, accord well with the experimental results of Stenke et al. Compared with the theoretical calculation result of Pindzola et al. our calculaiton provides a more comprehensive understanding of the electron-impact single-ionization process for W6+ ions. The comparison is illustrated in the attached figure. -
Keywords:
- tungsten ions /
- electron-impact /
- metastable states /
- direct ionization /
- excited autoionization
[1] Demura A V, Kadomtsev M B, Lisitsa V S, Shurygin V A 2015 High Energy Density Physics 15 49
Google Scholar
[2] Biedermann C, Radtke R, Seidel R, Pütterich T 2009 Phys. Scr. T134 014026
Google Scholar
[3] Colgan J, Pindzola M S 2012 Eur. Phys. J. D 66 284
Google Scholar
[4] Wirth B D, Nordlund K, Whyte D G, Xu D 2011 MRS Bull. 36 216
Google Scholar
[5] Preval S P, Badnell N R, O’Mullane M G 2019 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 52 025201
Google Scholar
[6] Kramida A E, Reader J 2006 Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 92 457
Google Scholar
[7] Pütterich T, Neu R, Dux R, Whiteford A D, O’Mullane M G, Summers H P 2010 Nucl. Fusion 50 025012
Google Scholar
[8] Müller A 2015 Atoms 3 120
Google Scholar
[9] Pütterich T, Fable E, Dux R, O’Mullane M, Neu R, Siccinio M 2019 Nucl. Fusion 59 056013
Google Scholar
[10] Montague R G, Harrison M F A 1984 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. 17 2707
Google Scholar
[11] Rausch J, Becker A, Spruck K, Hellhund J, Borovik A, Huber K, Schippers S, Müller A 2011 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 165202
Google Scholar
[12] Borovik A, Ebinger B, Schury D, Schippers S, Müller A 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 012708
Google Scholar
[13] Schury D, Borovik A, Ebinger B, Jin F, Spruck K, Müller A, Schippers S 2020 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53 015201
Google Scholar
[14] Stenke M, Aichele K, Harthiramani D, Hofmann G, Steidl M, Volpel R, Salzborn E 1995 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 28 2711
Google Scholar
[15] Ballance C P, Loch S D, Pindzola M S, Griffin D C 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 055202
Google Scholar
[16] Pindzola M S, Griffin D C 1997 Phys. Rev. A 56 1654
Google Scholar
[17] Zhang D, Xie L, Jiang J, Wu Z, Dong C, Shi Y, Qu Y 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 053402
Google Scholar
[18] Zhang D H, Kwon D H 2014 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 47 075202
Google Scholar
[19] Jin F, Borovik A, Ebinger B, Schippers S 2020 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53 075201
Google Scholar
[20] Jin F, Borovik A, Ebinger B, Schippers S 2020 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53 175201
Google Scholar
[21] Jonauskas V, Kynienė A, Kučas S, Pakalka S, Masys Š, Prancikevičius A, Borovik A, Gharaibeh M F, Schippers S, Müller A 2019 Phys. Rev. A 100 062701
Google Scholar
[22] Chen L, Li B, Chen X 2022 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Trans. 285 108179
Google Scholar
[23] Bao R, Wei J, Chen L, Li B, Chen X 2023 Chin. Phys. B 32 063401
Google Scholar
[24] Yan C L, Lu Q, Xie Y M, Li B L, Fu N, Zou Y, Chen C, Xiao J 2022 Phys. Rev. A 105 032820
Google Scholar
[25] Gu M F 2008 Can. J. Phys. 86 675
Google Scholar
[26] Stenke M, Aichele K, Hathiramani D, Hofmann G, Steidl M, Volpel R, Shevelko V P, Tawara H, Salzborn E 1995 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 28 4853
Google Scholar
[27] Jonauskas V, Kučas S, Karazija R 2009 Lithuanian J. Phys. 49 415
Google Scholar
[28] Grant I P, McKenzie B J 1980 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. 13 2671
Google Scholar
[29] Kramida A, Ralchenko Yu, Reader J, NIAT ASD Team 2021 NISI Atomic Spectra Database
[30] Zhang S, Zhang F, Zhang D, Ding X, Jiang J, Xie L, Ma Y, Li M, Sikorski M, Dong C 2024 Chin. Phys. B 33 033401
Google Scholar
[31] Dipti, Das T, Bartschat K, Bray I, Fursa D V, Zatsarinny O, Ballance C, Chung H K, Ralchenko Yu 2019 Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 127–128 1
Google Scholar
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图 1 W6+, W7+和W8+离子主要组态能级, 虚线分别表示W6+的单电离和双电离阈值
Figure 1. Energy levels of the main configurations of W6+ , W7+and W8+ ions. Dotted horizontal lines mark the thresholds for single and double ionization of W6+.
图 2 W6+离子基态的DI截面, 其中蓝色、红色和绿色虚线分别表示5s, 5p和4f壳层对总DI截面的贡献, 黑色实线是总的DI截面
Figure 2. DI cross sections for ground state W6+ ions. The blue, red and green dashed lines represent the contribution of the 5s, 5p and 4f subshell to the total DI cross section respectively, the black solid line is the total DI cross section.
图 3 W6+离子基态$ {\text{[Kr]4}}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{14}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{6}} $激发到nl能级的EA截面占总EA截面的比例
Figure 3. Ratios of the EA cross section from the ground state $ {\text{[Kr]4}}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{14}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{6}} $ of the W6+ to the nl state to the total EA cross section.
图 4 W6+离子基态的EA截面, 其中绿色、黄色和红色阴影区域分别表示5s, 5p和4d壳层对总EA截面的贡献
Figure 4. EA cross sections for ground state W6+ ions. The green, yellow and red shadow areas represent the contribution of the 5s, 5p and 4d subshell to the total EA cross section, respectively.
图 5 W6+离子基态$ {\text{[Kr]4}}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{14}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{6}} $的总EISI截面, 其中黑色圆点为Stenke等[26]的实验结果, 黑色实线为目前LLDW计算结果, 红色实线为CADW结果[16]
Figure 5. Total EISI cross section for ground state $ {\text{[Kr]4}}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{14}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{6}} $ of W6+ ions. Black solid circles are the experimental results of Stenke et al.[26], black solid line is the present LLDW total cross section, red solid line is CADW calculated result[16].
图 6 亚稳态$ {4}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{13}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{6}}{5}{{\text{d}}^{1}} $(a), $ {\text{[Kr]4}}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{14}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{5}}{5}{{\text{d}}^1} $(b), $ {4}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{14}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{5}}{5}{{\text{f}}^{1}} $(c)和$ {4}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{13}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{6}}{5}{{\text{f}}^{1}} $(d)长寿命能级的EISI截面
Figure 6. EISI cross sections for the metastable levels in the configuration $ {4}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{13}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{6}}{5}{{\text{d}}^{1}} $(a), $ {\text{[Kr]4}}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{14}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{5}}{5}{{\text{d}}^1} $(b), $ {4}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{14}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{5}}{5}{{\text{f}}^{1}} $(c)和$ {4}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{13}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{6}}{5}{{\text{f}}^{1}} $ (d).
图 7 W6+离子的拟合截面与实验[14]的比较, 其中红色、绿色和蓝色虚线分别表示模型1、模型2和模型3的结果; 黑色实线为基态$ 4{{\text{f}}^{14}}5{{\text{p}}^6} $的EISI截面
Figure 7. Comparison of our W6+ ions fitting EISI with experiment[14]. Red, green and blue solid line respresent the results of the Model 1, Model 2 and Model 3, respectively. The black solid line is the EISI cross section of ground state $ 4{{\text{f}}^{14}}5{{\text{p}}^6} $.
图 8 W6+离子基态$ {\text{[Kr]4}}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{14}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{6}} $的EISI截面, 其中黑色圆点为LLDW方法计算的结果, 红色实线为(24)式拟合的结果
Figure 8. Electron-impact ionization cross sections for W6+ ions ground state $ {\text{[Kr]4}}{{\text{d}}^{{10}}}{5}{{\text{s}}^{2}}{4}{{\text{f}}^{{14}}}{5}{{\text{p}}^{6}} $. Black dots are the results for calculated using the LLDW method, red dashed line is the results for the fitting results by Eq. (24).
表 1 W6+离子基态$ {5}{{\text{p}}^{6}} $和激发态$ {5}{{\text{p}}^{5}}{5}{{\text{d}}^{1}} $外壳层电离阈值
Table 1. Threshold energies for the ionization of electrons in the outer subshells of W6+ ion ground state $ {5}{{\text{p}}^{6}} $ and excited state $ {5}{{\text{p}}^{5}}{5}{{\text{d}}^{1}} $.
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表 2 W6+离子的长寿命能级(大于10–5 s)和寿命($ a \pm b \equiv a \times {10^{ \pm b}} $)
Table 2. Long-lived levels (exceeding 10–5 s) and its lifetimes ($ a \pm b \equiv a \times {10^{ \pm b}} $) of the W6+ ion.
Configuration Index Level J Energy/eV Lifetimes/s Configuration Index Level J Energy/eV Lifetimes/s 5p6 0 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{4} $ 0 0 — 30 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{3}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 4 78.81 8.70×10–1 4f135d1 1 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{-}^{1} $ 2 36.18 2.63×10–1 31 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{3}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 2 79.10 4.12×10–1 2 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{-}^{1} $ 3 37.44 2.11×10–1 32 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{-}^{1}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 3 89.54 7.15×10–5 3 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{-}^{1} $ 4 37.72 3.38×10–1 33 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{-}^{1}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 3 89.61 7.18×10–5 4 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 6 37.98 6.19×10–2 34 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{-}^{1}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 4 89.70 7.00×10–5 5 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 2 38.29 2.59×10–2 35 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{-}^{1}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 2 90.00 6.78×10–5 6 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 4 38.78 1.26×10–2 4f135f1 36 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 1 75.70 1.23×10+2 7 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 3 38.94 2.03×10–2 37 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 2 75.72 1.48×10+1 8 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 5 39.10 2.75×10–2 38 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 6 75.77 1.92×10+4 9 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 4 39.22 1.10×10–2 39 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 3 75.91 4.47×10+1 10 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 0 39.41 8.02×10–2 40 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 3 76.12 4.60×10+2 11 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{-}^{1} $ 2 39.53 5.97×10–3 41 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 4 76.13 6.76×10+1 12 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{-}^{1} $ 3 40.23 5.14×10–2 42 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 5 76.17 2.11×10+1 13 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 5 40.52 4.06×10–3 43 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 2 76.18 2.97 14 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 2 40.79 4.96×10–3 44 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 5 76.20 2.95×10+1 15 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 3 41.23 4.39×10–3 45 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 6 76.22 1.67×10+1 16 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 4 41.37 4.69×10–3 46 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 4 76.26 6.77×10+1 5p55d1 17 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{3}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{-}^{1} $ 1 39.18 3.16×10+1 47 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{7}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 0 76.81 3.36×10–2 18 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{3}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{-}^{1} $ 3 40.64 5.40×10–1 48 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 1 77.73 1.31×10–2 19 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{3}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{-}^{1} $ 2 40.69 1.17×10–2 49 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 1 78.01 1.19×10–2 20 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{3}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{-}^{1} $ 4 40.88 3.15 50 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 5 78.03 1.10×10–2 21 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{3}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{-}^{1} $ 2 41.76 1.11×10–2 51 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 6 78.11 1.06×10–2 22 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{3}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{-}^{1} $ 3 43.18 7.07×10–3 52 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 2 78.16 1.11×10–2 23 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{-}^{1}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{-}^{1} $ 2 51.40 4.05×10–5 53 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 3 78.31 1.07×10–2 24 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{-}^{1}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 2 52.83 4.30×10–5 54 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 3 78.40 1.10×10–2 25 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{-}^{1}5{{\mathrm{d}}}_{+}^{1} $ 3 53.44 3.42×10–5 55 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 2 78.44 9.91×10–3 5p55f1 26 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{3}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 2 77.81 2.43 56 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 4 78.47 1.07×10–2 27 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{3}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 4 78.11 1.75×10+1 57 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 4 78.50 1.04×10–2 28 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{3}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 3 78.31 1.13 58 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{+}^{1} $ 5 78.50 1.06×10–2 29 $ 5{{\mathrm{p}}}_{+}^{3}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 3 78.70 9.02×10–1 59 $ 4{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{5}5{{\mathrm{f}}}_{-}^{1} $ 0 86.47 3.52×10–4
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表 3 模型1和模型2中不同亚稳态W6+离子的比值
Table 3. Fractions of the various metastable W6+ ions in Model 1 and Model 2.
Configurations Energy range
(Model 1)/eVEnergy range
(Model 2)/eV[0, 118] [118, 1000] [0, 118] [118, 1000] 5p6 0 0.35 0 0.31 4f135d1 0.40 0.10 0.35 0.10 5p55d1 0.40 0.11 0.35 0.12 5p55f1 0.10 0.22 0.15 0.23 4f135f1 0.10 0.22 0.15 0.24
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表 4 模型3中W6+离子60个长寿命能级的比值λi
Table 4. Fractions $ {\lambda _i} $ of 60 long-lived levels for for W6+ ions the Model 3.
Level index Energy range/eV Level index Energy range/eV [0, 118] [118, 1000] [0, 118] [118, 1000] 0 0 0.31000 30 0.00800 0.02300 1 0.04468 0.00625 31 0.00800 0.02300 2 0.04468 0.00625 32 0.00800 0.02300 3 0.04468 0.00625 33 0.00800 0.02300 4 0.04468 0.00625 34 0.00800 0.02300 5 0.04469 0.00625 35 0.00800 0.02300 6 0.04469 0.00625 36 0.00333 0.01000 7 0.04469 0.00625 37 0.00333 0.01000 8 0.04469 0.00625 38 0.00333 0.01000 9 0.04469 0.00625 39 0.00333 0.01000 10 0.04469 0.00625 40 0.00333 0.01000 11 0.04469 0.00625 41 0.00333 0.01000 12 0.04469 0.00625 42 0.00333 0.01000 13 0.04469 0.00625 43 0.00333 0.01000 14 0.04469 0.00625 44 0.00333 0.01000 15 0.04469 0.00625 45 0.00333 0.01000 16 0.04469 0.00625 46 0.00333 0.01000 17 0.13880 0.01333 47 0.00333 0.01000 18 0.13890 0.01333 48 0.00333 0.01000 19 0.13890 0.01333 49 0.00333 0.01000 20 0.13890 0.01333 50 0.00333 0.01000 21 0.13890 0.01333 51 0.00333 0.01000 22 0.13890 0.01333 52 0.00334 0.01000 23 0.13890 0.01334 53 0.00334 0.01000 24 0.13890 0.01334 54 0.00334 0.01000 25 0.13890 0.01334 55 0.00334 0.01000 26 0.00800 0.02300 56 0.00334 0.01000 27 0.00800 0.02300 57 0.00334 0.01000 28 0.00800 0.02300 58 0.00334 0.01000 29 0.00800 0.02300 59 0.00334 0.01000
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[1] Demura A V, Kadomtsev M B, Lisitsa V S, Shurygin V A 2015 High Energy Density Physics 15 49
Google Scholar
[2] Biedermann C, Radtke R, Seidel R, Pütterich T 2009 Phys. Scr. T134 014026
Google Scholar
[3] Colgan J, Pindzola M S 2012 Eur. Phys. J. D 66 284
Google Scholar
[4] Wirth B D, Nordlund K, Whyte D G, Xu D 2011 MRS Bull. 36 216
Google Scholar
[5] Preval S P, Badnell N R, O’Mullane M G 2019 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 52 025201
Google Scholar
[6] Kramida A E, Reader J 2006 Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 92 457
Google Scholar
[7] Pütterich T, Neu R, Dux R, Whiteford A D, O’Mullane M G, Summers H P 2010 Nucl. Fusion 50 025012
Google Scholar
[8] Müller A 2015 Atoms 3 120
Google Scholar
[9] Pütterich T, Fable E, Dux R, O’Mullane M, Neu R, Siccinio M 2019 Nucl. Fusion 59 056013
Google Scholar
[10] Montague R G, Harrison M F A 1984 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. 17 2707
Google Scholar
[11] Rausch J, Becker A, Spruck K, Hellhund J, Borovik A, Huber K, Schippers S, Müller A 2011 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 165202
Google Scholar
[12] Borovik A, Ebinger B, Schury D, Schippers S, Müller A 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 012708
Google Scholar
[13] Schury D, Borovik A, Ebinger B, Jin F, Spruck K, Müller A, Schippers S 2020 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53 015201
Google Scholar
[14] Stenke M, Aichele K, Harthiramani D, Hofmann G, Steidl M, Volpel R, Salzborn E 1995 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 28 2711
Google Scholar
[15] Ballance C P, Loch S D, Pindzola M S, Griffin D C 2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 055202
Google Scholar
[16] Pindzola M S, Griffin D C 1997 Phys. Rev. A 56 1654
Google Scholar
[17] Zhang D, Xie L, Jiang J, Wu Z, Dong C, Shi Y, Qu Y 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 053402
Google Scholar
[18] Zhang D H, Kwon D H 2014 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 47 075202
Google Scholar
[19] Jin F, Borovik A, Ebinger B, Schippers S 2020 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53 075201
Google Scholar
[20] Jin F, Borovik A, Ebinger B, Schippers S 2020 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53 175201
Google Scholar
[21] Jonauskas V, Kynienė A, Kučas S, Pakalka S, Masys Š, Prancikevičius A, Borovik A, Gharaibeh M F, Schippers S, Müller A 2019 Phys. Rev. A 100 062701
Google Scholar
[22] Chen L, Li B, Chen X 2022 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Trans. 285 108179
Google Scholar
[23] Bao R, Wei J, Chen L, Li B, Chen X 2023 Chin. Phys. B 32 063401
Google Scholar
[24] Yan C L, Lu Q, Xie Y M, Li B L, Fu N, Zou Y, Chen C, Xiao J 2022 Phys. Rev. A 105 032820
Google Scholar
[25] Gu M F 2008 Can. J. Phys. 86 675
Google Scholar
[26] Stenke M, Aichele K, Hathiramani D, Hofmann G, Steidl M, Volpel R, Shevelko V P, Tawara H, Salzborn E 1995 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 28 4853
Google Scholar
[27] Jonauskas V, Kučas S, Karazija R 2009 Lithuanian J. Phys. 49 415
Google Scholar
[28] Grant I P, McKenzie B J 1980 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. 13 2671
Google Scholar
[29] Kramida A, Ralchenko Yu, Reader J, NIAT ASD Team 2021 NISI Atomic Spectra Database
[30] Zhang S, Zhang F, Zhang D, Ding X, Jiang J, Xie L, Ma Y, Li M, Sikorski M, Dong C 2024 Chin. Phys. B 33 033401
Google Scholar
[31] Dipti, Das T, Bartschat K, Bray I, Fursa D V, Zatsarinny O, Ballance C, Chung H K, Ralchenko Yu 2019 Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 127–128 1
Google Scholar
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