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TATB is currently the safest explosive in terms of safety performance. Polymer bonded explosive (PBX) formed by pressing TATB particles has important applications in military. Under the action of stress, the evolution of TATB particle system determines the microstructure and overall quality of molding grain. The molding method of PBX is usually realized by molding technology. In the process of molding, the structural evolution and mechanical properties of TATB particle system are very complex under the action of loading, and the high discreteness, strong non-linearity and bonding characteristics are difficult to characterize. In this study, a set of image processing technologies is developed for the TATB particle system by using X-μCT tomography and synchronous in-situ force loading. The TATB particles are a special composite material with multile components, irregularities, multiple particle sizes, heterogeneity, and viscoelasticity. High-quality CT images of TATB particles under force loading are obtained. A three-dimensional pore network model (PNM) of the TATB particle system is established by CT image processing and analysis. Based on the model, the evolution characteristics of key parameters such as contact number, contact area, contact strength and coordination number are obtained. The results indicate the evolutionary characteristics below. At 0–5 MPa, with the press proceeding, the stress of TATB particle system increases continuously, and the number of particle contacts in the particle system decreases, with a reduction rate of 53.3%. The total contact area decreases by 31.5%, but the average contact area of a single particle continues to increase; The strong contact and weak contact of the entire particle system show a decreasing trend, but the ratio of strong contact to weak contact remains almost unchanged, reflecting the stability characteristics of the TATB molding particle system in the external stable, linear, and slow loading process, and the average proportion of strong contact is 37.74%. The average increase rate of particle volume is 45.50%, and the curve of equivalent radius is very consistent with the curve of average particle volume. The average coordination number of the entire particle system increases from 7.27 to 9.44, and the highest coordination number is in a range of 6–10. The morphological distribution shows the characteristics of approximately normal distribution, double-peak nearly normal distribution, and flat-peak nearly normal distribution. At 5 MPa, some particles show the characteristics of rotation and adaptive rearrangement, which are consistent with the quantitative analysis of the trend of particle contact number. This study reveals the movement, deformation and fusion rules of particles in the initial stage of the forming process, achieving the three-dimensional, quantitative and in-situ analysis of the force loading process of the particle system. These results are of important scientific and engineering significance for understanding the mechanical characteristics of the explosive particle pressing process. -
Keywords:
- TATB /
- three-dimensional particle system /
- CT image processing /
- mechanical behavior
[1] 董海山, 周芬芬 1989 高能炸药及相关物性能 (北京: 科学出版社) 第20—32页
Dong H S, Zhou F F 1989 Performance of High-energy Explosives and Related Substances (Beijing: Science Press) pp20–32
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Dai B 2015 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics
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图 1 TATB造型粉颗粒
Figure 1. TATB particles.
图 2 TATB造型粉颗粒原位加载
Figure 2. The in-situ loading of TATB particles.
图 3 CT图像处理算法流程
Figure 3. Flow chart of CT image processing algorithm.
图 4 TATB造型粉颗粒体系的图像处理(切片) (a)感兴趣区域; (b)交互式阈值分割; (c)孔隙填充; (d)移除噪点; (e)中值滤波及双边滤波; (f)目标分离
Figure 4. Image processing of TATB particle system (slice): (a) ROI; (b) interactive thresholding; (c) fill holes; (d) remove small spots; (e) median filter and bilateral filter; (f) separate object.
图 5 TATB造型粉颗粒体系的图像处理(3D) (a)感兴趣区域; (b)交互式阈值分割; (c)孔隙填充; (d)移除噪点; (e)中值滤波及双边滤波; (f)目标分离
Figure 5. Image processing of TATB particle system (3D): (a) ROI; (b) interactive thresholding; (c) fill holes; (d) remove small spots; (e) median filter and bilateral filter; (f) separate object.
图 6 标记规则(标记后的骨架及相邻点)
Figure 6. Rule of labeling (marked skeleton and neighbour point).
图 7 骨架与图的关联
Figure 7. Relationship between skeleton and graph.
图 8 TATB造型粉颗粒体系孔隙网络模型
Figure 8. The PNM of TATB particle system.
图 9 Z方向TATB造型粉颗粒体系的演化
Figure 9. Evolution of TATB particle system in Z direction.
图 10 X方向TATB造型粉颗粒体系的演化
Figure 10. Evolution of TATB particle system in X direction.
图 11 颗粒体系接触数量变化
Figure 11. Change of particle system contact number.
图 12 颗粒体系接触面积变化
Figure 12. Change of particle system contact area.
图 13 颗粒强弱接触变化 (a) 强弱接触数量变化; (b)强弱接触占比变化
Figure 13. Change of strong and weak particle contact: (a) Changes in the number of strong and weak contacts; (b) changes in the proportion of strong and weak contacts.
图 14 颗粒体积、等效半径变化
Figure 14. Change of particle volume and equal radius.
图 15 目标颗粒的配位数
Figure 15. Coordination number of target particle.
图 16 0—5 MPa下颗粒体系配位数统计学分布 (a) 0 MPa; (b) 1 MPa; (c) 2 MPa; (d) 3 MPa; (e) 4 MPa; (f) 5 MPa
Figure 16. Statistical distribution of coordination number of particle system at 0—5 MPa: (a) 0 MPa; (b) 1 MPa; (c) 2 MPa; (d) 3 MPa; (e) 4 MPa; (f) 5 MPa.
图 17 力载过程平均配位数数量分布演化
Figure 17. Evolution of mean coordination number distribution in loading process.
图 18 力载过程平均配位数百分比演化
Figure 18. Evolution of mean coordination percentage in loading process.
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[1] 董海山, 周芬芬 1989 高能炸药及相关物性能 (北京: 科学出版社) 第20—32页
Dong H S, Zhou F F 1989 Performance of High-energy Explosives and Related Substances (Beijing: Science Press) pp20–32
[2] 范航, 何冠松, 杨志剑, 聂福德, 陈鹏万 2019 物理学报 68 106201
Google Scholar
Fan H, He G S, Yang Z J, Nie F D, Chen P W 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 106201
Google Scholar
[3] Hamilton B W, Kroonblawd M P, Isiam M M, Strachan A 2019 Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123 21969
Google Scholar
[4] Steele B A, Clarke S M, Kroonblawd M P, Kuo I F, Pagoria P F, Tkachev S N, Smith J S, Bastea S, Fried L E, Zaug J M, Stavrou E, Tschauner O 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 114 191901
Google Scholar
[5] Hertz H 1882 J. Reine Angew. Math. 1882 156
Google Scholar
[6] Chang C S, Liao C L 1990 Int. J. Solids Structures. 26 437
Google Scholar
[7] Tordesillas A, Peters J F, Gardiner B S 2004 Int. J. Numer. Anal. Met. 28 981
Google Scholar
[8] Andrade J E, VlahiniĆ I, Lim K W, Jerves A 2012 Géotechn. Lett. 2 135
Google Scholar
[9] Coppersmith S N, Liu C H, Majumdar S, Narayan O, Witten T A 1996 Phys. Rev. E 53 4673
Google Scholar
[10] Silva M D, Rajchenbach J 2000 Nature 406 708
Google Scholar
[11] Andrade J E, Avila C F 2012 Granul. Matter 14 51
Google Scholar
[12] Hurley R, Marteau E, Ravichandran G, Andrade J E 2014 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 63 154
Google Scholar
[13] Zhai C P, Herbold E B, Hurley R C 2020 PNAS 117 16234
Google Scholar
[14] 陈琼, 王青花, 赵闯, 张祺, 厚美瑛 2015 物理学报 64 154502
Google Scholar
Chen Q, Wang Q H, Zhao C, Zhang Q, Hou M Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 154502
Google Scholar
[15] Løvoll G. Måløy K J, Flekkøy E G 1999 Phys. Rev. E 60 5872
Google Scholar
[16] 苗天德, 宜晨虹, 齐艳丽, 慕青松, 刘源 2007 物理学报 56 4713
Google Scholar
Miao T D, Yi C H, Qi Y L, Mu Q S, Liu Y 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 4713
Google Scholar
[17] 杨荣伟 2009 硕士学位论文 (北京: 清华大学)
Yang R W 2007 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: Tsinghua University
[18] Zhou J, Long S, Wang Q, Dinsmore A D 2006 Science 312 1631
Google Scholar
[19] Sanfratello L, Fukushima E, Behringer R P 2009 Granul. Matter 11 1
Google Scholar
[20] Xing Y, Zheng J, Li J D, Cao Y X, Pan W, Zhang J, Wang Y J 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 048002
Google Scholar
[21] Baur M, Claussen J, Gerth S, Kollmer J, Shreve T, Uhlmann N, Pöschel T 2019 Powder Technol. 356 439
Google Scholar
[22] Nguyen C D, Benahmed N, Andò E, Sibille L, Philippe P 2019 Acta Geotech. 14 749
Google Scholar
[23] Brisard S, Serdar M, Monteiro P J M 2020 Cement Concrete Res. 128 105824
Google Scholar
[24] Ramesh S, Thyagaraj T 2022 Geomech. Geophys. Geo. 8 11
Google Scholar
[25] Fonseca J, O’Sullivan C, Coop M R, Lee P D 2012 Soils Found. 52 712
Google Scholar
[26] 马寅翔, 刘晨, 王慧, 张才鑫, 陈华, 张伟斌 2020 含能材料 28 960
Google Scholar
Ma Y X, Liu C, Wang H, Zhang C X, Chen H, Zhang W B 2020 Chin. J. Energ. Mater. 28 960
Google Scholar
[27] 戴斌 2015 硕士学位论文 (北京: 中国工程物理研究院研究生院)
Dai B 2015 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics
[28] Koyuncu C F, Durmaz I, Cetin-Atalay R, Gunduz D C 2014 22nd Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference Trabzon, April 23–25, 2014 p1971
[29] Mouelhi A, Sayadi M, Fnaiech F, Mrad K 2013 Biomed. Signal Proces. 8 421
Google Scholar
[30] Li Z T, Liu D M, Cai Y D, Ranjith P G, Yao Y B 2017 Fuel 209 43
Google Scholar
[31] Jing H L, Dan H C, Shan H Y, Liu X 2023 Materials 16 7426
Google Scholar
[32] Harshini D R D G, Gamage R P, Kumari W G P 2024 Gas Sci. Eng. 125 205280
Google Scholar
[33] Zakirov T R, Galeev A A, Korolev E A, Statsenko E O 2016 Curr. Sci. 110 2142
Google Scholar
[34] 任显卓, Linden Joost van der, Narsilio G 2019 地球科学 33 345
Google Scholar
Ren X Z, Linden J V D, Narsilio G 2019 Geoscience 33 345
Google Scholar
[35] 尹升华, 陈勋, 刘超, 王雷鸣, 严荣富 2020 工程科学学报 42 972
Google Scholar
Yin S H, Chen X, Liu C, Wang L M, Yan R F 2020 Chin. J. Eng. 42 972
Google Scholar
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